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多益閱讀文法 - The Active and Passive Voices

When a sentence is written in the active voice, the subject performs the action; in the passive voice, the subject receives the action. In this lesson, we will teach you how to write sentences in the passive voices.

目錄

Passive Sentences


Passive sentences in English are a type of sentence structure where the focus is on the action or the object that is being acted upon, rather than the subject who is performing the action. In a passive sentence, the subject of the sentence is typically the recipient of the action, not the doer. For example:


I sent the letter.  

👉 This sentence is in the active voice: the subject is  “I”, and the object is “the letter”.


The repairman fixed the elevator and escalator. 

👉 This sentence is in the active voice: the subject is “The repairman”, and the object is “the elevator”


To change from active voice to passive voice you need to:

(1) Swap the subject and object in the sentence

(2) The verb form becomes “be” verb + past participle

(3) Add  “by” before the doer of the action (that is, the subject in the active voice)

(4) If the performer of the action is a person, it should be changed to the person accusative


Let's practice changing the above two sentences into passive voice:


The letter was sent by me. 

👉 This sentence is in passive voice, the subject in the sentence becomes “the letter”, and the verb form becomes “be verb + past participle”, because it is the past tense and the letter is singular, we use “was sent”, followed by action.


The escalator and elevator were fixed by the repairman. 

👉 This sentence is in passive voice: the subject in the sentence becomes “the escalator and elevator”, and the verb form becomes “be verb + past participle (p.p.)”, because it is the past tense and the elevator and elevator are plural together, we use ”were fixed”, followed by the action performer: the repairman.


English passive sentences often omit “by + action performer”, because the focus of the sentence is not on the action performer. The sentences above will often appear like the following:


The letter was sent. 
The escalator and elevator were fixed. 


Here are more example sentences:


The rice was cooked. 
The bills were paid. 
The glass was broken. 
My drink was knocked over. 
The problem was solved. 


TOEIC Example:  Mr. Bently ____ by the procurement department, where he is in charge of buying supplies for the textile company.

(A) was recruited 
(B) is recruiting 
(C) to recruit 
(D) recruits


The correct answer is (A) was recruited.

The sentence is in the passive voice, which is formed by using the verb "to be" (in this case, "was") + the past participle of the main verb (in this case, "recruited"). The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action, not who performed the action. Here, the focus is on Mr. Bently being recruited by the procurement department, not on who recruited him.

(B) "is recruiting" is incorrect because it implies that Mr. Bently is currently in the process of recruiting, which does not align with the rest of the sentence that states he is already working in the procurement department.

(C) "to recruit" is incorrect because it changes the meaning of the sentence and suggests an intention or purpose rather than a completed action. It would mean that Mr. Bently's purpose is to recruit, which does not match with the rest of the sentence.

(D) "recruits" is incorrect because it is in the present tense and implies that Mr. Bently is currently recruiting, not that he was recruited in the past. It also changes the sentence to active voice, with Mr. Bently as the one performing the action of recruiting, which does not fit with the context of the sentence. 

The subject of this sentence is Mr. Bently, the verb is related to recruit, the verb is followed by the procurement department, recruit means "to hire", the usage is: company + recruit + person, and the subject in the title is Mr. Bently, So we can know that this sentence is written in a passive way, and the answer is (A).

How to Change Five Sentence Types to Passive Sentences


We have learned the five sentence types in Lesson 6. Now, let’s see how we can change five sentence types to passive sentences.


▶️ The First Sentence Type: S + V (Subject + Verb)


In the first sentence type, the verb is an intransitive verb. Intransitive verbs are verbs that can exist alone without adding anything behind them. Example sentences:


I laughed.
It rained heavily.
I am flying to London next month.


Since there is no object after the verb, we cannot change these sentences to passive sentences.


▶️ The Second Sentence Type: S + V + S.C (Subject + Verb + Subject Complement)


The second sentence type, known as S + V + S.C (Subject + Verb + Subject Complement), typically involves the use of an adjective or noun as a subject complement to describe the subject. Verbs in the second sentence type include "be" verbs and other verbs such as “taste”, “feel”, “smell”, “sound”, “appear”, “look”, “seem”, “become”, “turn”, “remain”, and “stay”. Example sentences:


That man is a receptionist. 
He looks tall and seems friendly.
The soup smells good but tastes bad.


Again, since there is no object after the verb, we cannot change these sentences to passive sentences.


▶️ The Third Sentence Type: S + V + O (Subject + Verb + Object)


There is an object in the sentence of the third sentence type. After changing it to the passive form, the object goes to the front and becomes the subject. For example: 


Apple will discontinue iMac Pro next year. = iMac Pro will be discontinued by Apple next year.
The procurement department recruited Mr. Bentley. = Mr. Bentley was recruited by the procurement department.
The customer services department deals with complaints. = Complaints are dealt with by the customer services department.


The upper management instructs employees regularly to ensure their work is of the highest quality and conforms to the regulations. = Employees are instructed regularly to ensure their work is of the highest quality and conforms to the regulations.


Due to space issues, we will hold the annual conference in the convention center this year. = Due to space issues, the annual conference will be held in the convention center this year.


The bank will charge service fees for withdrawing money from the account. = Service fees will be charged for withdrawing money from the account.


▶️ The Fourth Sentence Type: S + V + O + O (Subject + Verb + Object + Object)


There are two objects in the sentence of the fourth sentence type. After changing to the passive form, the first object will go to the front and become the subject, and the second object will be left behind. For example:


OPH Corporation offered every employee an opportunity for promotion and pay raise on a yearly basis. = At OPH Corporation, every employee is offered an opportunity for promotion and pay raise on a yearly basis.

 

The consultant advised the director that continued support of the AI project might lead to significant financial loss and little profit. = The director was advised that continued support of the AI project might lead to significant financial loss and little profit.


We have notified the customers that the requested item is currently out of stock. = The customers have been notified that the requested item is currently out of stock.


The voucher entitles you to 10% off all overseas flights. = With this voucher, you are entitled to 10% off all overseas flights.


Mr.Smith will inform us of any new changes that he will make to the proposal. = We will be informed of any new changes that Mr.Smith will make to the proposal.


The unions assured the new owners of the workers' loyalty to the company. = The new owners are assured of the workers' loyalty to the company by the union.


▶️ The Fifth Sentence Type: S + V + O + O.C (Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement)


In the fifth sentence type, there are objects and object complements. After changing to the passive form, the object will go to the front and become the subject, and the object complements will remain behind.


We should keep data confidential since it contains valuable information. = Data should be kept confidential since it contains valuable information.


Many customers find our new shampoo bottles appealing. = Our new shampoo bottles are found appealing by our customers.


The HR manager encourages employees to actively participate in the weekly training workshop. = Employees are encouraged to actively participate in the weekly training workshop.


Most of my friends considered the movie great. = The movie was considered great by most of my friends.


TOEIC Example: Some service fees ______ for withdrawing money from the account.

(A) will be charging 
(B) have charged 
(C) charge 
(D) will be charged


The correct answer is (D) will be charged.

The correct answer uses the future passive form "will be charged". This form is appropriate because the subject is not performing the action, but rather, the action is being performed on the subject. The service fees are not doing the charging themselves, but rather, they are being charged by the company.

(A) “will be charging” is incorrect because it uses the future continuous tense, which is not appropriate in this context. This tense suggests that the service fees will start charging at some point in the future and continue to do so. However, this is not logical as fees are not capable of charging themselves.

(B) “have charged” is incorrect because it uses the present perfect tense, which suggests that the action of charging has been completed in the past and has relevance to the present situation. However, this is not appropriate because the sentence is talking about a future event.

(C) “charge” is incorrect because it uses the present simple tense, which is used to talk about habits, general truths, or unchanging situations. However, in this context, the sentence is not talking about a general truth or unchanging situation, but about a specific future event. 


TOEIC Example: The panel composed of five scholars ______ to review the proposal.

(A) commissions
(B) are commissioned
(C) is commissioned
(D) will commission


The correct answer is (C) is commissioned.

The subject of the sentence, "The panel," is a singular noun. Therefore, the verb should also be in the singular form. Additionally, the verb should be in the passive voice because the panel is not doing the commissioning, but rather, it is being commissioned by someone else. Thus, the correct verb form is "is commissioned."

(A) commissions is incorrect because it is in the active voice, suggesting that the panel is commissioning someone or something, which is not the case. 

(B) are commissioned is incorrect because the verb "are" is plural, and does not agree with the singular subject "The panel."

(D) will commission is incorrect because it is in the future tense and active voice. The sentence requires a present tense, passive voice verb. 

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TOEIC Reading Part 7 - Reading Comprehension Total Questions: 240
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