雅思单字电子书

The most remarkable of the bird's anatomical features is the feather.

鳥類最顯著的解剖特徵是羽毛。

Emperor penguins breed annually during the Antarctic winter.

帝企鵝每年在南極冬季繁殖。

The reason why emperor penguins breed during the harshest season of the year is unknown, but scientists speculate that when the chicks become independent five months later, environmental conditions are more favorable for the young birds.

帝企鵝在一年中最嚴酷的季節繁殖的原因尚不清楚，但科學家推測，當雛鳥在五個月後獨立時，環境條件對幼鳥更有利。

Breeding ground = 繁殖地

Breeding season = 繁殖季節 

Migratory animals migrate hundreds of miles over the course of a year, coming back to a breeding ground to reproduce and give birth to babies.

遷徙動物在一年中遷徙數百英里，回到繁殖地繁殖並生下嬰兒。

Breeding seasons differ from species to species. The little penguin breeds throughout the year and has the shortest breeding cycle, which lasts about 50 days. Some of the temperate penguins, like the Humboldt and the African, tend to nest throughout the year.

繁殖季節因物種而異。小企鵝全年繁殖，繁殖週期最短，約50天。一些溫帶企鵝，如洪堡企鵝和非洲企鵝，全年都在築巢。

Brood 當名詞時候，指的是「剛出生的一窩雛鳥(幼鳥)」。看下面的例句：

Increased predation affects the survival of nests and broods immediately after hatching

捕食增加會在孵化後立即影響巢穴和育雛的生存

This nest found in a slight depression in the ground contains a brood of tiny young birds.

這個在地面輕微凹陷中發現的巢穴包含一群小幼鳥。

While the young are in the nest, the entire brood is extremely vulnerable to predation.

當幼鳥在巢中時，整窩雛鳥都非常容易受到捕食。

Brood 當動詞時候，意思是「孵蛋」。例子：

In some species of birds, both the mother and father brood the eggs.

在某些鳥類中，母親和父親都會孵蛋。

Birds brood eggs during the incubation period to keep them protected and warm until they are ready to hatch.

鳥類在孵化期間孵蛋，以保護它們並保持溫暖，直到它們準備好孵化。

Fossils indicate that dinosaurs might have brooding behavior.

化石表明恐龍可能有孵化行為。

Birds have many adaptations to help make brooding successful and ensure a better hatch rate for eggs

鳥類有許多適應能力來幫助成功育雛並確保更好的雞蛋孵化率。

Camouflage 是一些動物用被變色和改變身體的方式使它們在自然環境中不容易被看到。

The distinctive black and white coloring of jackass penguins is a form of camouflage. 

公驢企鵝獨特的黑白顏色是一種偽裝。

Underwater predators looking up only see white, and predators looking down only see black.

水下的捕食者抬頭只能看到白色，而低頭的捕食者只能看到黑色。

Many sea animals have, over time, developed different kinds of camouflage to help them blend in with their environment and avoid detection by predators.

隨著時間的推移，許多海洋動物已經開發出不同種類的偽裝，以幫助它們融入環境並避免被捕食者發現。

Sloths live high in the canopy, feeding on a wide variety of leaves and fruits. Green algae grow in the sloths' fur, which enables it to remain camouflaged from predators. 

樹懶生活在樹冠的高處，以各種各樣的樹葉和果實為食。綠藻生長在樹懶的皮毛中，這使它能夠在捕食者面前保持偽裝。

A carnivore is an animal that gets food from killing and eating other animals. Carnivores generally eat herbivores, but can eat omnivores, and occasionally other carnivores.

肉食動物是一種通過殺死和吃其他動物來獲取食物的動物。肉食動物一般吃草食動物，但可以吃雜食動物，偶爾也會吃其他肉食動物。

Although caffeine's effects on alertness and sleep are well known, researchers weren't sure how it affects the circadian clock in humans.

儘管咖啡因對警覺性和睡眠的影響眾所周知，但研究人員並不確定它如何影響人類的生理時鐘。

Congregate是動詞，意思是「聚集」。常見用法 “congregate in groups/herds”。以下是例句

Penguins congregate in groups to stay warm. These group congregations facilitate reproduction in extreme temperatures.

企鵝會聚集成群取暖。這樣的聚集方式幫助極端溫度下繁殖。

The prey animals evolve to congregate in herds, for the protection it provides from predators, as well as the help it provides in finding food and mates.

獵物進化為聚集成群，以保護它們免受掠食者的侵害，並幫助它們尋找食物和配偶。

Buffalo congregate in larger herds to defend against attacks from predators such as lions.

水牛聚集在更大的牛群中，以抵禦獅子等掠食者的攻擊。

White-tailed jackrabbits are the most solitary of all the hares. However, they congregate into groups of one hundred or more when food is abundant.

白尾長耳兔是所有野兔中最孤獨的。然而，當食物充足時，它們會聚集成數百人或更多的群體。

A congregation is a group of people or animals staying together.

Penguins congregate in groups to stay warm. With their group congregations, they are able to reproduce their offspring in extremely cold temperatures.

企鵝聚集成群取暖。透過他們的群體聚集方式，他們能夠在極冷的溫度下繁殖後代。

The courtship of male and female animals is their behavior before they have sex. 

雄性和雌性動物的求愛是它們在發生性行為之前的行為。

The ultimate purpose of courtship is to attract a receptive mate. Different courtship behaviors also serve to reduce territorial aggression.

求愛的最終目的是吸引一個樂於接受的伴侶。不同的求偶行為也有助於減少領土侵略。

Periodic eruptions of the volcano have destroyed 213 homes since the volcano emerged from a period of dormancy in 1983.

自 1983 年火山從休眠期出現以來，火山的周期性噴發已經摧毀了 213 座房屋。

An animal prepares for hibernation by building up a thick layer of body fat during late summer and autumn that will provide it with energy during the dormant period. During hibernation, the animal undergoes many physiological changes, including decreased heart rate (by as much as 95%) and decreased body temperature.

動物通過在夏末和秋季積累一層厚厚的身體脂肪來為冬眠做準備，這將為休眠期提供能量。在冬眠期間，動物會經歷許多生理變化，包括心率降低（高達 95%）和體溫降低。

Dormant volcanoes are the volcanoes that scientists consider possible to erupt again.

休眠火山是科學家認為可能再次噴發的火山。

Incubation periods are longer for precocial birds than for altricial birds, allowing for an increased embryonic development in the egg, and therefore they have relatively advanced motor and sensory functions at hatching.

早熟鳥類的孵化期比早熟鳥類的孵化期長，這使得蛋中的胚胎髮育增加，因此它們在孵化時具有相對先進的運動和感覺功能。

Usually, a pregnant woman with preeclampsia develops dangerously high blood pressure and begins excreting protein in the urine.

通常，患有先兆子癇的孕婦會出現危險的高血壓，並開始在尿液中排出蛋白質。

Earthworms ingest large quantities of soil, chemically alter it, and excrete it as organic matter called casts. The casts form an incredible natural fertilizer.

蚯蚓攝取大量土壤，對其進行化學改變，並將其作為有機物質排出體外，稱為鑄件。鑄件形成了令人難以置信的天然肥料。

Many microorganisms excrete methane as a waste product.

許多微生物將甲烷作為廢物排出。

Forage = 覓食

Jackass penguins forage at sea and dive to a depth of 130 meters in search of food.

公驢企鵝在海上覓食，潛入 130 米深處尋找食物。

The foraging behavior varies considerably among penguin species. 

企鵝物種的覓食行為差異很大。

Adélie penguins feed primarily on small krill, while chinstraps forage for large krill.

阿德利企鵝主要以小型磷蝦為食，而帽帶則以大型磷蝦為食。

Forage = 吃草

The cows were foraging in the pasture.

奶牛在牧場覓食。

For roughly 90% of history, humans were foragers who used simple technology to gather, fish, and hunt wild food resources. 

在大約 90% 的歷史中，人類是覓食者，他們使用簡單的技術來收集、捕魚和狩獵野生食物資源。

Today only about a quarter million people living in marginal environments, e.g., deserts, the Arctic, and tropical forests, forage as their primary subsistence strategy. 

今天，只有大約 25 萬人生活在邊緣環境中，例如沙漠、北極和熱帶森林，以覓食作為他們的主要生存策略。

Animals exhibit several different types of foraging behavior.​

動物表現出幾種不同類型的覓食行為。​

Scratching, a common foraging behavior for many ground-feeding birds, including sparrows, uses one foot or both feet simultaneously to remove or loosen debris from the ground to reveal seeds, bugs or other food.

抓撓是許多以地面為食的鳥類（包括麻雀）的常見覓食行為，它們同時使用一隻腳或兩隻腳來清除或鬆開地面上的碎屑，以露出種子、蟲子或其他食物。

The illness is believed to be caused by a defective gene. 

據信，這種疾病是由基因缺陷引起的

Our personalities result from the complex interplay between our genes and our environment.

我們的個性源於我們的基因和環境之間複雜的相互作用。

Scientists believe the world's famous fruit (banana) could disappear forever in 10 years' time as it lacks the genetic capability to ward off pests and diseases that are in Central America, Africa and Asia. 

科學家們認為，世界著名的水果（香蕉）可能會在 10 年後永遠消失，因為它缺乏抵禦中美洲、非洲和亞洲病蟲害的遺傳能力。

Bees have diminished drastically in recent years due to a variety of factors including pesticides, diseases and habitat degradation resulting in a loss of genetic diversity. 

近年來，由於多種因素，包括殺蟲劑、疾病和棲息地退化，導致遺傳多樣性喪失，蜜蜂數量急劇減少。

Due to significant advances in biotechnology, experts predict that within years, doctors will be able to trace the genetic roots of common medical problems such as depression.

由於生物技術的重大進步，專家預測，在幾年內，醫生將能夠追踪抑鬱症等常見醫學問題的遺傳根源。

Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means

克隆是通過非性方式製造基因相同的有機體的過程

Bears can become habituated to people very easily.

熊很容易適應人類。

The chick hatches after a month's incubation.

孵化一個月後小雞孵出。

Once the eggs hatch, both the male and the female feed the young.

一旦卵孵化，雄性和雌性都會餵養幼崽。

A hatchling is a young animal that has recently emerged from its egg. 

幼體是剛從卵中出來的幼小動物。

There are many obstacles for turtle hatchlings, such as crabs, birds and many other predators in the ocean.

幼龜有很多障礙，比如螃蟹、鳥類和海洋中的許多其他捕食者。

Turtle hatchlings are vulnerable to predation.

幼龜很容易受到捕食。

A herbivore is an animal that gets its energy from eating plants, and only plants. Omnivores can also eat parts of plants, but generally only the fruits and vegetables produced by fruit-bearing plants. Many herbivores have special digestive systems that let them digest all kinds of plants, including grasses.

草食動物是一種從植物中獲取能量的動物，而且只吃植物。雜食動物也可以吃植物的一部分，但一般只吃水果植物生產的水果和蔬菜。許多草食動物有特殊的消化系統，可以消化各種植物，包括草。

Scientists hope that by genetic manipulation, they will be able to cure hereditary diseases and defects.

科學家們希望通過基因操作，他們將能夠治愈遺傳性疾病和缺陷。

Cells contain hereditary information that is passed on from cell to cell during reproduction.

細胞包含在繁殖過程中從一個細胞傳遞到另一個細胞的遺傳信息。

Depression is often hereditary. 

憂鬱症常常是遺傳的。

Diet and exercise can influence a person's weight, but heredity is also a factor. 

節食和運動可以影響一個人的體重，而遺傳也是一個因素。

Identical twins tend to have similar personalities; if environment outweighs heredity in personality development, twins raised together should presumably have more similar personalities than those raised apart.

同卵雙胞胎往往性格相似；如果在性格發展方面環境勝過遺傳，那麼一起長大的雙胞胎應該比分開長大的雙胞胎有更多相似的性格。

Bats hibernate through the cold winter months. During hibernation, bats can survive in freezing temperatures.

蝙蝠在寒冷的冬季冬眠。在冬眠期間，蝙蝠可以在冰凍的溫度下生存。

Many species hibernate during the winter, emerging only when the signs of spring promise plenty of food, telling them it is time to eat and breed again.

許多物種在冬天冬眠，只有在春天的跡象預示著充足的食物時才會出現，告訴它們是時候再次進食和繁殖了。

Smaller animals tend to be more likely to hibernate, because migration would require an enormous amount of energy relative to their body size.

較小的動物往往更容易冬眠，因為相對於它們的體型而言，遷徙需要大量的能量。

Bats hibernate through the cold winter months. During hibernation, bats can survive in freezing temperatures. 

蝙蝠在寒冷的冬季冬眠。在冬眠期間，蝙蝠可以在冰凍的溫度下生存。

In contrast to true hibernators such as woodchucks and hedgehogs, whose body temperatures drop close to the freezing point during the winter months, bears maintain a nearly normal body temperature throughout their prolonged sleep.

與土撥鼠和刺猬等真正的冬眠動物相比，它們的體溫在冬季會下降到接近冰點，而熊在長時間的睡眠中保持接近正常的體溫。

Birds incubate their eggs to keep them at an appropriate temperature.

鳥類孵化它們的卵以使它們保持在適當的溫度。

When most birds incubate eggs, the females often produce high levels of prolactin, a hormone involved in parental behavior.

當大多數鳥類孵化雞蛋時，雌性通常會產生高水平的催乳素，這是一種與父母行為有關的激素。

In monogamous species, both the male and female build the nest and incubate eggs.

在一夫一妻制的物種中，雄性和雌性都筑巢並孵化卵。

The embryos are incubated in the laboratory at 80°C.

胚胎在實驗室中在 80°C 下孵化。

Incubation is the process of incubating eggs; it also refers to the development of the embryo within the egg. (Incubation 是孵化雞蛋的過程；它也指卵內胚胎的發育。)

Incubation ensures normal egg development.

孵化確保正常的卵子發育。

Ambient temperature is commonly thought to influence avian incubation behavior.

環境溫度通常被認為會影響鳥類的孵化行為。

另一個與 incubation 具有相同含義的詞是 brooding。以下是例句：

Fossils indicate that dinosaurs might have brooding behavior.

化石表明恐龍可能有孵化行為。

Birds have many adaptations to help make brooding successful and ensure a better hatch rate for eggs

鳥類有許多適應能力來幫助成功育雛並確保更好的雞蛋孵化率。

The life cycle of a butterfly includes four stages: egg, caterpillar or larva, pupa, and adult.

蝴蝶的生命週期包括四個階段：卵、毛蟲或幼蟲、蛹和成蟲。

The army worms are the larval stage of a common moth. 

行軍蟲是一種蛾的幼蟲。

Animals in the larval stage will consume food to fuel their transition into the adult form.

幼蟲階段的動物將消耗食物以促進它們向成年形式的過渡。

In salamanders, both swimming and ambulatory locomotion involves lateral body bending. 

在蠑螈中，游泳和動態運動都涉及身體橫向彎曲。

Prior to 540 million years ago, organisms may have had used eyes for light sensitivity, but not for fast locomotion and navigation by vision.

在 5.4 億年前，有機體可能已經使用眼睛來感知光，但不能通過視覺進行快速運動和導航。

The domestic animal is the first mammal known to die of the disease in Europe.

家畜是歐洲已知的第一種死於這種疾病的哺乳動物。

The first small mammals evolved from reptiles about 200 million years ago, and the group diversified rapidly after the extinction of the dinosaurs to become the dominant form of land animal, with around 4,000 living species.

大約 2 億年前，第一批小型哺乳動物從爬行動物進化而來，在恐龍滅絕後迅速多樣化，成為陸地動物的主要形式，約有 4000 種現存物種。

All flies undergo complete metamorphosis with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages in their development.

所有果蠅在發育過程中經歷卵、幼蟲、蛹和成蟲階段的完全變態。

In eastern North America, over two-thirds of breeding bird species migrate. 

在北美東部，超過三分之二的繁殖鳥類遷徙。

Not all birds migrate, but generally speaking the more northerly the breeding ground, the more likely is it that a species will migrate south for the winter. The main reason for this annual shifting of residence is that during the northern winters food becomes scarce and the cold temperatures make survival difficult. 

並非所有鳥類都會遷徙，但一般來說，繁殖地越北，一個物種越有可能向南遷徙過冬。這種每年遷移居住地的主要原因是，在北方的冬季，食物變得稀缺，寒冷的氣溫使生存變得困難。

Roughly half of the world's nearly 10,000 known bird species migrate, including several songbirds and seabirds, waterfowl and waders, as well as some raptors. The Northern Hemisphere has the most diverse array of migratory birds. Even flightless birds migrate, such as the Adélie penguin, which makes a nearly 8,000-mile trek through frigid Antarctica.

世界上近 10,000 種已知鳥類中約有一半會遷徙，其中包括幾種鳴禽和海鳥、水禽和涉禽，以及一些猛禽。北半球的候鳥種類最多。即使是不會飛的鳥類也會遷徙，例如阿德利企鵝，它在寒冷的南極洲跋涉近 8,000 英里。

The extensive rural-to-urban migration has created a severe housing shortage.

農村向城市的廣泛遷移造成了嚴重的住房短缺。

Smaller animals tend to be more likely to hibernate, because migration would require an enormous amount of energy relative to their body size.

較小的動物往往更容易冬眠，因為相對於它們的體型而言，遷徙需要大量的能量。

Populations of many migratory birds depend not only on places to breed and to spend the winter but also on the quality and continued availability of habitats along migration routes.

許多候鳥的數量不僅取決於繁殖和過冬的地方，還取決於遷徙路線沿線棲息地的質量和持續可用性。

Unlike animal migration, which typically involves groups of animals moving back and forth between seasonal habitats, human migration involves the movement of people who intend to leave one area for good and settle in a new one.

與動物遷徙不同，動物遷徙通常涉及成群的動物在季節性棲息地之間來回移動，而人類遷徙涉及打算永遠離開一個地區並定居在新地區的人們的遷徙。

Babies mimic eating behaviors, so it's imperative that you and those regularly around your baby are exemplary food role models.

嬰兒會模仿飲食行為，因此您和經常在您身邊的人必須成為模範的食物榜樣。

Liquid-alternative funds mimic hedge funds by using strategies such as buying some stocks while betting against others, and investing in futures, commodities and derivatives.

流動性另類基金通過使用諸如購買一些股票同時與其他股票做空以及投資於期貨、商品和衍生品等策略來模仿對沖基金。

Parrots are probably most well-known for their ability to “talk,” as they can closely mimic the sounds of human voices. However, this is only seen in captive parrots. It is a mystery why wild parrots do not exhibit this behavior. It's possible that the parrot's relative intelligence causes it to try to bond with its owners through mimicry.

鸚鵡最有名的可能是它們“說話”的能力，因為它們可以非常接近地模仿人類的聲音。然而，這僅在圈養鸚鵡中可見。為什麼野生鸚鵡不表現出這種行為是一個謎。

With mimicry, one organism resembles another. For example, the harmless king snake has adapted a color pattern that resembles the deadly coral snake.

通過模仿，一種生物體與另一種生物體看起來相似。例如，無害的王蛇採用了類似於致命珊瑚蛇的顏色圖案。

Parrots are probably most well-known for their ability to “talk,” as they can closely mimic the sounds of human voices. However, this is only seen in captive parrots. It is a mystery why wild parrots do not exhibit this behavior. It's possible that the parrot's relative intelligence causes it to try to bond with its owners through mimicry.

鸚鵡最有名的可能是它們“說話”的能力，因為它們可以非常接近地模仿人類的聲音。然而，這僅在圈養鸚鵡中可見。為什麼野生鸚鵡不表現出這種行為是一個謎。鸚鵡的相對智力可能導致它試圖通過模仿與主人建立聯繫。

Like animals, marine plants have both morphological, or structural, adaptations and functional adaptations.

與動物一樣，海洋植物也具有形態或結構適應和功能適應。

Many plants have flexible stems and leaves, which allow them to move and bend with the movement of the water around them. Some species undergo morphological change during the larva period.

許多植物有靈活的莖和葉，這使它們能夠隨著周圍水的運動而移動和彎曲。一些物種在幼蟲時期會發生形態變化。

Adult crustaceans are extremely morphologically diverse.

成年甲殼類動物在形態上極為多樣化。

It is important to realize that mutations in different mutant individuals are not necessarily distinct.

重要的是要認識到不同突變個體的突變不一定是不同的。

One of the best-known forms of mutualism involves insects that pollinate a host plant, then deposit offspring that will ultimately consume many of the seeds. The presence of a commensal parasite that can display mutualism within a clade of known pathogens suggests dynamic evolutionary interactions.

最知名的共生形式之一是昆蟲為寄主植物授粉，然後存放後代，最終將消耗許多種子。一種可以在已知病原體進化枝中表現出共生的共生寄生蟲的存在表明動態進化相互作用。

While there may be many mutualistic relationships between plants and animals, often plants are more the victims rather than the beneficiaries of the relationship.

雖然植物和動物之間可能存在許多互惠關係，但植物往往更多地是這種關係的受害者而不是受益者。

The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship. Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association.

第三種共生關係是"互利共生"，對關係中的雙方都有利。豆科植物及其固氮細菌，以及開花植物與其傳粉者之間的相互作用，都是互利共生的例子。

Most owls are nocturnal.

大多數貓頭鷹是夜間活動的。

An omnivore is a kind of animal that eats either other animals or plants. Some omnivores will hunt and eat their food, like carnivores, eating herbivores and other omnivores. Some others are scavengers and will eat dead matter. Many will eat eggs from other animals.

雜食動物是一種吃其他動物或植物的動物。一些雜食動物會捕食並吃掉它們的食物，比如肉食動物，吃草食動物和其他雜食動物。其他一些是清道夫，會吃死物質。許多人會吃其他動物的雞蛋。

Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, and the monotremes.

卵生動物是產卵的動物，在母親體內幾乎沒有或沒有其他胚胎髮育。這是大多數魚類、兩棲動物、爬行動物、所有鳥類和單孔動物的繁殖方法。

If a species of parasite is to survive, the host organism must live long enough for the parasite to reproduce; if the host species becomes extinct, so do its parasites. 

如果一種寄生蟲要生存，宿主生物必須活得足夠長，才能使寄生蟲繁殖；如果宿主物種滅絕，它的寄生蟲也會滅絕。

Parasitism is a relationship where one organism, known as a parasite lives in or on another organism as a host.

寄生是其中一種生物體（稱為寄生蟲）作為宿主生活在另一種生物體之中或之上的一種關係。

Mistletoe is parasitic on trees. Since viruses are parasitic on cellular life, the first life could not have been anything like a virus. 

槲寄生寄生在樹上。由於病毒寄生在細胞生命中，因此最初的生命不可能是病毒。

Nevertheless, growing these parasitic plants in vitro is difficult, because of their dependence on a connection to hosts for normal development, and because of their specific germination requirements.

然而，在體外培養這些寄生植物是困難的，因為它們依賴於與宿主的連接才能正常發育，並且因為它們具有特定的發芽要求。

Parasitism is a relationship where one organism, known as a parasite lives in or on another organism as a host. Despite the parasite doing harm, it does not want to kill the host because the host provides nourishment but only if it is alive.

寄生是一種關係，其中一種生物體（稱為寄生蟲）作為宿主生活在另一種生物體之中或之上。儘管寄生蟲造成傷害，但它不想殺死宿主，因為宿主提供營養，但前提是它還活著。

Prey engage in myriad behaviors to avoid predation.

獵物會採取各種行為來避免捕食。

Animals are vulnerable to predation.

動物很容易受到捕食。

The predation of coyotes on deer has an adverse effect on deer populations.

郊狼捕食鹿對鹿種群有不利影響。

Mortality of white-tailed deer fawns is significant across the East. Predation by coyotes, black bears and bobcats account for most mortality.

白尾鹿小鹿的死亡率在整個東部都很高。郊狼、黑熊和山貓的捕食造成了大部分死亡率。

Penguins are both predators and prey. They hunt and kill and killed and hunted by seals and sharks.

企鵝既是捕食者，也是獵物。他們被海豹和鯊魚獵殺和獵殺。

Natural predator = 天敵

Coyotes are the top natural predator of deer.

郊狼是鹿的頂級天敵。

Discovery of theropod fossils indicates that many species of predatory dinosaurs had feathers.

獸腳類恐龍化石的發現表明，許多掠食性恐龍都有羽毛。

Hawks, lions, and alligators are all predatory animals.

鷹、獅子和鱷魚都是掠食性動物。

Prey = 獵物

The seals are easy prey for sharks.

海豹很容易成為鯊魚的獵物。

Rodents are prey for avian, reptilian, and mammalian predators.

囓齒動物是鳥類、爬行動物和哺乳動物捕食者的獵物。

Prey on = 捕食

The wolves prey on small animals.

狼捕食小動物

Owls prey on mice.

貓頭鷹捕食老鼠

Fall prey to = 成為什麼的獵物;成為什麼的犧牲品

The deer fell prey to coyotes.

鹿成為土狼的獵物。

Many people fell prey to disease.

許多人成為疾病的犧牲品。

It is very common for elderly people to fall prey to scam artists online, who take advantage of their lack of technological know-how.

老年人成為在線詐騙藝術家的犧牲品是很常見的，他們利用他們缺乏技術知識。

Many major cities, once thought to be untouchable by such attacks, have been falling prey to terrorist activity in recent months.

許多曾經被認為不會受到此類襲擊的大城市，近幾個月來一直成為恐怖活動的犧牲品。

The treatment promotes regeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord. 

這種治療促使脊髓內的神經細胞再生。 

Natural forest regeneration on deforested land exerts a controlling influence on carbon dioxide emissions.

在被砍伐的林地上進行自然森林再生會起到控制二氧化碳排放的效果。

Most animals reproduce through sexual reproduction because it increases genetic variation.

大多數動物通過有性生殖進行繁殖，因為它增加了遺傳變異。

Corals reproduce asexually by budding or fragmentation. Through budding, new polyps “bud” off from parent polyps to form new colonies. In fragmentation, an entire colony branches off to form a new colony.

珊瑚通過出芽或分裂進行無性繁殖。通過萌芽，新的息肉從親本息肉“萌出”，形成新的菌落。在碎片化過程中，一個完整的菌落分支形成一個新的菌落。

Sea anemones reproduce both sexually and asexually.

海葵有性繁殖和無性繁殖。

There are two types of reproduction: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

有兩種繁殖方式：無性繁殖和有性繁殖。

In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. There are many modes of asexual reproduction including budding (a new individual splits off from the parent), fission (the parent splits into two or more individuals), and fragmentation (a piece of the parent breaks off into several pieces and regenerates). Asexual reproduction has great advantages for organisms that are immobile, or unable to move around.

在無性繁殖中，後代在基因上與父母相同。有許多無性繁殖模式，包括出芽（新個體從親本分離）、裂變（親本分裂成兩個或更多個體）和分裂（親本的一部分分裂成幾部分並再生）。無性繁殖對於不能移動或不能四處移動的生物具有很大的優勢。

The other type of reproduction is sexual reproduction, which is when new organisms are created through fertilization. Fertilization occurs when a human egg and sperm come together. Most animals reproduce through sexual reproduction because it increases genetic variation.

另一種繁殖是有性繁殖，即通過受精產生新的生物。當人類卵子和精子結合在一起時，就會發生受精。大多數動物通過有性生殖進行繁殖，因為它增加了遺傳變異。

Scientists who study reproductive habits of animals analyze how they bear offspring.

研究動物生殖習性的科學家分析它們如何生育後代。

Fertility doctors help people who are having reproductive problems.

生育醫生幫助有生殖問題的人。

The reproductive behavior of fishes is remarkably diversified: they may be oviparous (lay eggs), ovoviviparous (retain the eggs in the body until they hatch), or viviparous (have a direct tissue connection with the developing embryos and give birth to live young)

魚類的繁殖行為非常多樣化：它們可能是卵生的（產卵）、卵胎生的（將卵保留在體內直到它們孵化）或胎生的（與發育中的胚胎有直接的組織聯繫並生下活的幼崽）

Sweat is secreted by glands in the skin when it is necessary to lose excess heat from the body.

當需要從身體排出多餘的熱量時，汗液由皮膚中的腺體分泌。

要特別注意 species 這個字單複數同型，所以你可以說 This species is red or these species are yellow。以下是例句:

More than 700 bird species breed in North America, and the variations in their behaviors are fascinating and complex. 

北美有 700 多種鳥類繁殖，它們的行為變化令人著迷且複雜。

The Indian elephant is a vanishing species that needs a protected habitat to survive.

印度象是一種正在消失的物種，需要一個受保護的棲息地才能生存。

An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between sea anemones and the clownfish that dwell amongst the tentacles of sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators.

互利共生的一個例子是海葵和生活在海葵觸鬚之間的小丑魚之間的關係。在領土上的魚保護海葵免受吃海葵的魚的傷害，反過來，海葵的刺痛觸手保護小丑魚免受捕食者的傷害。

The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship. Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association.

第三種共生關係是"互利共生"，對關係中的雙方都有利。豆科植物及其固氮細菌，以及開花植物與其傳粉者之間的相互作用，都是互利共生的例子。

Coral polyps have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae live inside each coral polyp's cell walls. The zooxanthellae supplies the polyp with the by-products of photosynthesis, which the polyp turns into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In turn, the coral polyp shelters the zooxanthellae and provides the carbon, nitrates and phosphates the algae need for photosynthesis.

珊瑚蟲與蟲黃藻有共生關係。蟲黃藻生活在每個珊瑚蟲的細胞壁內。蟲黃藻為息肉提供光合作用的副產品，息肉將其轉化為蛋白質、脂肪和碳水化合物。反過來，珊瑚蟲保護蟲黃藻並提供藻類進行光合作用所需的碳、硝酸鹽和磷酸鹽。

Bioluminescence occurs widely in marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in some fungi, microorganisms including some bioluminescent bacteria and terrestrial invertebrates such as fireflies. In some animals, the light is produced by symbiotic organisms such as Vibrio bacteria.

生物發光廣泛存在於海洋脊椎動物和無脊椎動物中，以及一些真菌、微生物（包括一些生物發光細菌）和陸生無脊椎動物（如螢火蟲）中。在一些動物中，光是由弧菌等共生生物產生的。

Viviparous animals are animals that give birth to young ones instead of laying eggs. This is the reproductive method of mammals except monotremes, marine mammals such as whales, dolphins, and sea otters

胎生動物是指產下幼仔而不是產卵的動物。這是哺乳動物的繁殖方法，除了單孔目動物、海洋哺乳動物，如鯨魚、海豚和海獺。