雅思单字电子书

In the east, which is lower and flatter, river gravels and alluvium from the North Sea have produced dark, rich soils. Above these sedimentary rocks is a sequence of interbedded alluvial floodplain deposits and palaeosols.

在東部，較低且較平坦，來自北海的河流礫石和沖積層產生了深色而肥沃的土壤。在這些沉積岩之上是一系列互層的沖積漫灘沉積物和古土壤。

The hikers start in tropical rainforest territory and travel through moorlands, alpine meadows and glaciers on the summit

徒步旅行者從熱帶雨林地區出發，穿越山頂的高沼地、高山草甸和冰川

Only on a mountain can you experience avalanches of snow or rock.

只有在山上，你才能體驗到雪崩或岩石的雪崩。

The sequential development of multiple summit calderas of shield volcanoes gives clues about how the spatial location of shallow magma chambers evolves with time and how the magma supply into these chambers evolves

盾狀火山的多個頂峰破火山口的連續發展提供了關於淺層岩漿房的空間位置如何隨時間演變以及向這些房中供應的岩漿如何演變的線索

The most familiar type of canyon is probably the river canyon. The water pressure of a river can cut deep into a river bed.

最熟悉的峽穀類型可能是河流峽谷。河流的水壓可以深入河床。

The sensitive camera will be able to precisely measure the planet's temperature and chemical composition, which will allow for computer models of the atmosphere and climate to become much more exact.

敏感的相機將能夠精確測量行星的溫度和化學成分，這將使大氣和氣候的計算機模型變得更加精確。

The volcanically active trail-ends are preferentially located near divergent plate boundaries and are rare near convergent boundaries.

火山活動的尾端優先位於發散板塊邊界附近，在收斂邊界附近很少見。

On good days they could travel no more than 15 miles, and they had to be ever vigilant of the deep crevasses opening up beneath their feet when the snow melted.

在天氣好的時候，他們最多只能行駛 15 英里，而且當雪融化時，他們必須時刻警惕腳下出現的深裂縫。

Many creatures hide in crevices in the rock.

許多生物隱藏在岩石的縫隙中。

Crust 是名詞，意思是「硬的外皮或邊緣」，像是麵包、披薩或是派的外層，Crust 的另外一個意思是「地球表殼」。

The crust of the bread was perfectly crispy.

這麵包的外皮烤得非常酥脆。

She always removes the crust from her sandwiches.

她總是把三明治的邊緣去掉。

Do you prefer thin crust or thick crust pizza?

你喜歡薄皮披薩還是厚皮披薩？

The Earth's crust varies in thickness from 5 to 70 kilometers.

地球的地殼厚度從5到70公里不等。

The continental crust is thought to have originated from the movement of magma when plate tectonics first formed billions of years ago.

大陸地殼被認為起源於數十億年前板塊構造首次形成時的岩漿運動。

The Earth consists of three main layers: the core, or the inner layer; the mantle, in the middle; and the crust, which includes the continents and ocean floor. 

地球由三個主要層組成：核心或內層；地幔，在中間；和地殼，包括大陸和海底。

Throughout the world, most of the earthquake activities are confined to plate margin associated with crustal deformation.

在世界範圍內，大部分地震活動都局限於與地殼變形相關的板塊邊緣。

Glaciation and crustal activity have given the island its unique shape.

冰川作用和地殼活動使該島具有獨特的形狀。

At the bottom of the Pacific Ocean is a daisy chain of volcanoes, faults and crustal fractures.

太平洋底部是火山、斷層和地殼裂縫的菊花鏈。

This crystalline structure is an orderly arrangement of ions known as a crystal lattice.

這種晶體結構是一種有序排列的離子，稱為晶格。

These chemicals prevented normal calcium deposition during eggshell formation, and caused females to lay thin-shelled eggs that often broke before hatching. Pebbles formed by the deposition of calcium in solution.

這些化學物質在蛋殼形成過程中阻止了正常的鈣沉積，並導致雌性產下薄殼蛋，這些蛋在孵化前經常破裂。卵石是由鈣在溶液中的沉積形成的。

The problems are global - poverty, air and water pollution, deforestation, desertification, overfishing, climate change - no country can confront these challenges alone.

這些問題是全球性的——貧困、空氣和水污染、森林砍伐、荒漠化、過度捕撈、氣候變化——沒有一個國家可以獨自應對這些挑戰。

The virtues sought in a deputy are sometimes quite divergent from those sought in a leader.

副手所尋求的美德有時與領導者所尋求的美德大相徑庭。

Every dune has a windward side and a slip face.

每個沙丘都有迎風面和滑面。

Lumps of viscous lava were ejected from the volcano

粘稠的熔岩塊從火山噴出

As rain falls through the atmosphere, it picks up CO2 which make rainwater become acidic. As it drains into fractures in the rock, the water begins to erode the rock creating a network of passages

當雨水穿過大氣層時，它會吸收二氧化碳，使雨水變成酸性。當它流入岩石的裂縫時，水開始侵蝕岩石，形成通道網絡

Once exposed, soil is quickly eroded by wind and rain.

一旦暴露，土壤很快就會被風雨侵蝕。

The shoreline has eroded badly.

海岸線被嚴重侵蝕。

The shoreline was badly eroded by last winter's storms.

去年冬天的風暴嚴重侵蝕了海岸線。

As rain falls through the atmosphere, it picks up CO2 which make rainwater become acidic. As it drains into fractures in the rock, the water begins to erode the rock creating a network of passages

當雨水穿過大氣層時，它會吸收二氧化碳，使雨水變成酸性。當它流入岩石的裂縫時，水開始侵蝕岩石，形成通道網絡

Once exposed, soil is quickly eroded by wind and rain.

一旦暴露，土壤很快就會被風雨侵蝕。

The shoreline has eroded badly.

海岸線被嚴重侵蝕。

The shoreline was badly eroded by last winter's storms.

去年冬天的風暴嚴重侵蝕了海岸線。

Trees prevent soil erosion by soaking up water in areas with high rainfall

樹木通過在降雨量大的地區吸收水分來防止水土流失

Centuries of erosion by wind have carved grooves in the rocks.

數百年的風蝕在岩石上刻出凹槽。

Weathering and erosion contribute to the formation of canyon.

風化和侵蝕有助於峽谷的形成。

Soil erosion is partially caused by rain runoff washing away the soil.

土壤侵蝕部分是由雨水徑流沖走土壤造成的。

Possible evidence for this theory concerns the brown ridges that mark the moon's terrain, thought to be caused by instant freezing of liquid water erupting from beneath the ice crust.

這一理論的可能證據涉及標誌著月球地形的棕色山脊，這被認為是由冰殼下方噴出的液態水瞬間凍結造成的。

Most of Mars' surface was shaped later by meteorite impacts, volcanic eruptions and erosion by dust and wind. This record has been obscured on the Earth by billions of years of rain, wind, erosion, volcanic eruptions, mountain building, and plate tectonics.

火星的大部分錶面是後來由隕石撞擊、火山爆發以及塵埃和風的侵蝕而形成的。這一記錄在地球上被數十億年的雨水、風、侵蝕、火山爆發、造山和板塊構造所掩蓋。

Perhaps the most striking feature is the steep escarpment that characterizes the northwest-facing edge of the Cotswold Hills

也許最引人注目的特徵是科茨沃爾德山西北邊緣的陡峭懸崖

Faulting 是名詞，意思是「地層的斷裂」，這個詞主要用於地質學中，描述地殼的斷層活動。

The region has a complex geological history with significant faulting and folding.

這個地區有著複雜的地質歷史，包括顯著的斷層和褶皺活動。

Faulting can lead to earthquakes, which are a major concern in seismically active areas.

斷層活動可能導致地震，在地震活躍區域這是主要的擔憂。

Geologists study faulting patterns to predict the potential for future seismic events.

地質學家研究斷層模式以預測未來地震活動的潛力。 

Iranian leaders have promised to rebuild the town, which is on a major earthquake fault line. Most transform faults are found on the ocean floor.

伊朗領導人已承諾重建這座位於主要地震斷層線上的城鎮。大多數轉換斷層位於海底。

There is no stratigraphic or other geological evidence here for a break between the two volcanic episodes

這裡沒有地層或其他地質證據表明兩次火山事件之間存在中斷

The inner ear's structure and contents is thought to permit the shark to determine and distinguish sounds and the geomagnetic fields of the earth's magma.

內耳的結構和內容被認為允許鯊魚確定和區分聲音和地球岩漿的地磁場。

Some 70 per cent of Iceland’s energy needs are met from geothermal sources. These rocks were later affected by low-grade metamorphism under high geothermal gradients

冰島約 70% 的能源需求來自地熱資源。這些岩石後來在高地熱梯度下受到低等級變質作用的影響

A geyser of lava spouted between them and Seth attacked, charging through the lava like it was water, an unstoppable locomotive of power.

熔岩噴泉在他們之間噴湧而出，賽斯發起了攻擊，像水一樣衝過熔岩，一個不可阻擋的動力火車頭。

These hydrogeological conditions are controlled by relative land and sea level, erosion and deposition, the cold climate processes of permafrost and glaciation, and rock stress changes.

這些水文地質條件受相對陸地和海平面、侵蝕和沈積、多年凍土和冰川的寒冷氣候過程以及岩石應力變化的控制。

A glacier forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.

多年來，通常是幾個世紀，積雪超過消融（融化和昇華）的地方形成了冰川。冰川由於其重量引起的應力而緩慢變形和流動，形成裂縫、冰層和其他顯著特徵。它們還從基質中磨蝕岩石和碎屑，形成諸如圓環和冰磧之類的地貌。冰川僅在陸地上形成，與在水體表面形成的更薄的海冰和湖冰不同。

The occurrence of these felsic extrusive igneous rocks potentially provides key information on the complex interplay of magmatism and tectonics.

這些長英質噴出火成岩的出現可能為岩漿作用和構造的複雜相互作用提供了關鍵信息。

The underlying limestone karst topography allows water to flow in abundant underground rivers, feeding the numerous springs, which flow into the many creeks and streams.

下方的石灰岩喀斯特地形允許水在豐富的地下河流中流動，滋養眾多的泉水，這些泉水流入許多小溪和溪流。

This stress was to lead to the break-up of the land mass, first appearing in the vicinity of the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean

這種壓力導致了陸塊的分裂，首先出現在南大西洋和印度洋附近

Flooding caused bridges to collapse and landslides are blocking roads to devastated coastal villages.

洪水導致橋樑倒塌，山體滑坡阻塞了通往受災沿海村莊的道路。

The tuffs and lava were derived from a nearby andesitic volcanic centre

凝灰岩和熔岩來自附近的安山岩火山中心

What they do know is that a ‘slow rise’ of magma is driving lava to the surface, which has created a new lava dome in the mountain's crater.

他們所知道的是，岩漿的“緩慢上升”正在將熔岩推向地表，從而在山的火山口形成了一個新的熔岩穹頂。

Hot new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, cools, and sinks back into the mantle, shedding heat and driving the plates.

熾熱的新洋殼在洋中脊形成，冷卻後沉入地幔，散發熱量並驅動板塊。

The Romans became practised at draining marshes to rid areas of malaria-carrying mosquitoes.

羅馬人習慣於排幹沼澤地以驅除攜帶瘧疾的蚊子。

Three blue-chip companies have also taken a gamble and invested in a total of over eight million acres in the hope of mining platinum and other minerals at some future date.

3 家藍籌公司也賭了一把，共投資了超過 800 萬英畝土地，希望在未來某個日期開採鉑金和其他礦物。

The solids used include natural clays and minerals, metal oxides and sulfides, metal salts, and mixed metal oxides.

使用的固體包括天然粘土和礦物、金屬氧化物和硫化物、金屬鹽和混合金屬氧化物。

A spectacular form of heat advection occurs when molten rock, or magma, erupts from a volcano. Solidification of the molten material into rocks happened as the Earth cooled.

當熔岩或岩漿從火山噴發時，會發生一種壯觀的熱平流形式。當地球冷卻時，熔融物質會凝固成岩石。

A number of products have been developed which are permeable to air and water.

已經開發了許多透氣和透水的產品。

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing rock. Water-bearing rocks are permeable and porous, meaning that they have openings that liquids and gases can pass through.

含水層是含水岩石的地下層。含水岩石具有滲透性和多孔性，這意味著它們具有液體和氣體可以通過的開口。

This soil region is in the foothills of the Appalachian plateau, and topography ranges from nearly level to extremely steep.

這個土壤區域位於阿巴拉契亞高原的山腳下，地形從幾乎平坦到極其陡峭。

The local limestone is very porous.

當地的石灰岩非常多孔。

Between ice ages there were warmer interglacial periods when glaciers receded. 

在冰河時代之間，冰川消退時有溫暖的間冰期。

Just as I started to think that I was never going to get well, the illness began to recede.

就在我開始認為我永遠不會好起來的時候，疾病開始消退。

Over time, fertilizer run-off from agriculture, for example, may load the lake with excess nutrients.

例如，隨著時間的推移，來自農業的化肥徑流可能會給湖泊帶來過多的養分。

(Of rock) that has formed from sediment deposited by water or air: The present juxtaposition of the two sedimentary basins may have resulted from two separate events. Rifts typically also exhibit characteristic seismic and volcanic features, and contain thick sedimentary deposits.

由水或空氣沉積的沉積物形成的（岩石）：目前兩個沉積盆地的並列可能是由兩個獨立的事件造成的。裂谷通常還表現出特有的地震和火山特徵，並含有厚厚的沉積物。

The new terminal has been designed on three levels, taking advantage of the sloping terrain.

新航站樓設計為三層，充分利用了傾斜的地形。

The intertidal zone in marine aquatic environments is the area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide.

海洋水環境中的潮間帶是指退潮時暴露在空氣中，漲潮時淹沒的前灘和海床區域。

A convergent plate boundary is where one of the tectonic plates submerge under the other.​

會聚板塊邊界是一個構造板塊淹沒在另一個板塊之下的地方。

Hippos are unable to submerge in the few remaining water holes. 

河馬無法淹沒在剩下的幾個水坑中。

The intertidal zone in marine aquatic environments is the area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide.

海洋水環境中的潮間帶是指退潮時暴露在空氣中，漲潮時淹沒的前灘和海床區域。

A convergent plate boundary is where one of the tectonic plates submerge under the other.​

會聚板塊邊界是一個構造板塊淹沒在另一個板塊之下的地方。

Hippos are unable to submerge in the few remaining water holes. 

河馬無法淹沒在剩下的幾個水坑中。

In this paper, we discuss the tectonic settings and magmatic processes which allow these magmas to reach the surface

在本文中，我們討論了允許這些岩漿到達地表的構造環境和岩漿過程

Steep slopes underlain by stony soils form appealing vineyard sites, but they can be susceptible to rapid soil erosion during storms. Limestone underlies much of the site.

陡峭的斜坡被石質土壤覆蓋，形成了吸引人的葡萄園場地，但它們在暴風雨期間容易受到快速的土壤侵蝕。石灰石位於大部分場地的下方。

More than 80 Vesuvius eruptions were listed in a recent worldwide directory of volcanic activity.

最近的全球火山活動目錄中列出了 80 多次維蘇威火山噴發。