多益单字电子书

In stock 意思為「有現貨或存貨的」，例句：

Do you have light bulbs in stock? 

你們有燈泡的現貨嗎?

The new edition is in stock in major bookshops. 

新版在各大書店都有現貨。

Our products are low in stock currently.

我們產品目前存貨不多。

名詞 inventory 很常在多益考試裡面出現，它有以下幾種蠻相近的解釋 : (1) 儲存在某個地方的物品「清單」，想像你把物品一項一項列出來的過程，這時候 inventory 是可數的，常見的用法是 to make an inventory of something(清點) (2) 盤點，清點存貨，這裡是不可數的概念，它的用法是： do/take inventory on something (盤點) (3) 商店的(貨物)庫存，可以當可數名詞或不可數名詞。

1. 儲存在某個地方的物品「清單」，想像你把物品一項一項列出來的過程，這時候 inventory 是可數的，常見的用法是 to make an inventory of something(清點)，例如:

We made an inventory of everything in the apartment.

我們清點了公寓裡的所有東西。

We made an inventory of the library's collection.

我們清點了圖書館的藏書。

We'd better begin by compiling an inventory of equipment on hand.

我們最好先匯集一份現有的設備清單。

How can a small business afford to keep a large inventory of supplies?

小企業如何負擔得起的大量庫存？

2. 盤點，清點存貨，這裡是不可數的概念，它的用法是： (1) do/take inventory on something (盤點) (2) do/take a physical count of inventory (手動盤點)

We'll be doing inventory on the collection soon.

我們很快就會對這系列(的商品)進行盤點。

Since we installed the new software, taking inventory has become a lot easier.

自從我們安裝了新軟體之後，庫存盤點變得更加容易了。

When the delivery truck arrives, please take a physical count of inventory and verify that the quantities on the receipt are accurate.

當送貨車到的時候，請記得盤點並確認數量與收據相符。

During the inventory process, we will verify the numbers in our computer files, clear up any discrepancies we may find, and adjust our records as necessary.

在盤點過程中，我們會核對電腦檔案中的數字，找到庫存數量與帳面數量不一致的地方，並根據需要調整我們的記錄。

This is a reminder that we will be closing the store for two days at the end of next week, Friday and Saturday, for inventory.

謹此提醒，我們將在下週末(週五和周六)關閉商店兩天，進行存貨盤點。

3. 商店的(貨物)庫存，可以當可數名詞或不可數名詞

Our store has the largest inventory in the used car business.

本店擁有二手車業界中最多的庫存。

Companies have cut inventories sharply since the downturn began.

自從經濟開始不景氣以來，企業已大幅削減庫存。

We are considering taking out a business loan to build up our inventory of supplies.

我們正在考慮申請商業貸款來建立我們的供應庫存。

Today, almost every business keeps a running inventory count by having its sales records tied by computer to its inventory. 

現在幾乎每家企業都透過電腦將其銷售記錄與其庫存連結起來，以保持滾動式庫存。

Out of stock 意思為「沒有現貨或存貨的」，例句：

Bikes are now out of stock. 

腳踏車現在沒有現貨了

The new edition is out of stock in major bookshops. 

新版在各大書店都沒有現貨了。

Rack 就是我們用來放東西、通常有條狀不銹鋼或塑膠組成的置物架，比方說飯店房間供旅客攤平行李的 luggage rack(行李架)、擺放那些不需要放入冰箱的蔬果架(vegetable rack)、讓碗盤自然風乾的 rolling mat/dish rack/drying rack(碗盤瀝水架)、暫時擺放剛出爐蛋糕的 cake rack/cooling rack(冷卻架)、放調味香料的 sipce rack(調味料架)，展示儲放紅酒白酒的 wine rack(酒架)等等，例句：

You can put the luggage on the luggage rack.

您可以將行李放在行李架上。

Let the cake cool on a cooling rack for about ten minutes. Generally, your cake needs anywhere from ten minutes to a couple of hours to cool off before you can handle it completely without fear of it crumbling.

讓蛋糕在冷卻架上冷卻大約十分鐘。 一般來說，你的蛋糕需要十分鐘到幾個小時才能冷卻下來，然後你才能處理它，而完全不必擔心它會碎掉。

When a warehouse is stocked with too many products and there are not too many spaces left on the pallet rack, the pallet movement starts to become restricted.

當倉庫存有太多產品而倉儲物料架上沒有太多空間時，棧板移動就會開始受到限制。

來看兩個廣告：

Stock 這個字當動詞時有「為…備貨；把…填滿」的意思，例如：

I work as a stock person. My job duty is to stock shelves in the supermarket. 

我的工作是補貨員。我工作責任是把貨架的貨補滿。

至於 stock person 或是 stock clerk，可以指負責將貨物從倉庫運送到商店的工作人員，也可以指商店裡負責盤點與上架商品的員工，再看一個例句：

In a warehouse, a stock clerk uses a hand-held scanner to record bar-code information from a box that's being shipped.

在倉庫中，庫存管理人員手持條碼掃描器掃描箱子上的條碼。

The goods have been sitting in a warehouse for weeks because a strike has prevented distribution.

因為罷工無法發貨，貨物已經堆在倉庫裡好幾週了。

Located at 2444 E 41st Ave, Jeromy's Office Furniture carries a full range of used office furniture in its 100,000 square foot warehouse.

Jeromy's Office Furniture 位於 2444 E 41st Ave，在其100,000平方英尺的倉庫中出售各種二手辦公家俱。

Once your items have arrived back at our warehouse, we will begin processing your return. Please allow up to 10 working days for your money to appear back in your account.

一旦您(要退貨的)商品回到我們的倉庫，我們將開始處理您的退貨。您的款項最多需要10個工作日才能退回到您的帳戶中。

Because of the rapid growth in e-commerce, vacancy rates for industrial properties are near an all-time low and new warehouses can't get built quickly enough to meet the needs of clothing makers and home appliance manufacturers.

由於電子商務的快速成長，商用不動產的空置率接近歷史最低水平，新倉庫的建造速度不足以滿足服裝製造商和家電製造商的需求。

We switched from taking inventory by hand to a barcode inventory system last year. 

我們去年從人工盤點庫存換成條碼盤點系統。

I'm trying to access the barcode scanner from the camera view but it's unresponsive. 

我正在嘗試用內建相機掃描條碼，但它沒有反應。

Pallets are important logistics equipment because when goods need to be moved, warehouse workers can use forklifts and move pallets with goods from one place to another with ease. 

棧板是很重要的物流設備，因為當(我們)需要搬運貨物時，倉庫工人可以使用堆高機輕鬆地將裝有貨物的棧板從一個地方移動到另一個地方。

Empty pallets can be stacked together to save space.  

貨版可以堆疊在一起以節省空間。

如果想表達「大量囤積、囤貨」，我們可以用 to stock up on something 來表達，例句：

During the emergency, people stocked up on essential items. 

在非常時期，人們囤積了各種基本用品。

People worried about the spread of coronavirus, and a lot of people started to stock up on masks. 

人們很擔心新冠肺炎，而且很多人開始大量囤積口罩。

As COVID-19 cases continue to rise, people are scrambling to stock up on essentials that will be needed to survive if there is a lockdown once again.

隨著COVID-19病例持續上升，人們爭先恐後大量囤積再次封城時生存所需的必需品。

Surplus 指的是任何「剩餘的東西」，或是指「資金盈餘」，例句：

We have enough inventory, and any surplus should be sold as soon as possible. 

我們已經有足夠的庫存，任何剩下的存貨應該要馬上賣掉。

We are unlikely to produce any surplus this year. 

我們今年不太可能有任何盈餘。

The last time the US government had a surplus was in 2001.

美國政府上一次出現盈餘是在 2001 年。

Be in surplus = (政府或企業)支出少於營收、有結餘

So far this year, the government budget is in surplus.

到今年目前為止，政府預算處於盈餘狀態。

Fortunately the company's bank account is currently in surplus.

幸好目前公司的銀行帳戶裡還有結餘。

另外一種常用的用法是 a surplus of something，例句：

If you have a surplus of your product, you should sell them as soon as possible to get rid of overstock. 

如果你有過剩的產品，你應該要趕快把他們賣掉以免有存貨過多的問題 。

Our company has a surplus of 1 million this year.

我們公司今年有1百萬的資金餘額。

There is a surplus of workers and not enough jobs.

工人過剩，工作崗位不足。

Mexico has a large surplus of oil. 

墨西哥有大量過剩的石油。

The pandemic has caused labor shortages all over the world at a time when demand is at a peak, which means there is a surplus of jobs, but a shortage of workers. One possible explanation for this is that households have built up savings buffers and don't have any urgency to return to work.

(新冠)疫情造成全球勞動力短缺，而此時需求正處於高峰期，這也意味著工作崗位過剩，但勞動力短缺。 對此的一種可能解釋是，(許多)家庭已經建立了儲蓄緩衝彈性，並沒有任何重返工作崗位的緊迫性。

另外一個相關的專業術語是 trade surplus，意思是「 貿易順差」，相反的， trade deficit 就是「貿易逆差」

Countries with trade surplus are called creditor nations.

有貿易順差的國家則稱為債權國。

Japan's annual trade surplus is in the region of 100 billion dollars.

日本的年度貿易順差約為1000億美元。

When a country exports more than it imports, the country is said to have a trade surplus. When the opposite is true, the country is said to have a trade deficit. 

當一個國家的出口量大於進口量時，該國就有所謂的貿易順差。 相反地，則稱該國有貿易逆差。

形容詞用法

Surplus 也可以當形容詞 ，意思是「剩餘的」

Every country has a lot of surplus labor. 

每個國家都有大量的剩餘勞動力。

Surplus wheat is put in storage and shipped abroad. 

剩餘的小麥被儲存起來並運送到海外。

片語用法

還有一個常用的片語是 be surplus to requirements，意思是「不再需要的」，用更簡單的英文來理解就是 to be no longer necessary。當我們說某個職業球員 to be (deemed) surplus to requirements，就是指這名球員不再被球隊需要了，這樣的用法經常出現在球員交易傳聞(trade rumors)或是釋出(release)的新聞當中，來看例句：

As The Lakers attempts to free up cap space this offseason, Nick Young might be deemed surplus to requirements.

由於湖人隊在這個休賽期試圖騰出薪資空間，湖人隊可能不再需要Nick Young。

I really think he is wasting his talent with the Golden State Warriors. He's a surplus to requirements.

我真的認為他在金州勇士隊浪費了他的天賦。球隊不需要他吧。

The store is selling off stock that is surplus to requirements.

這家商店正在拋售多餘的存貨。

The houses are being sold because they are surplus to requirements.

由於超出需求而閒置著的房子正被出售。

To tally something up or to tally up something 就是「計算總和」的意思，tally 作為不及物動詞的解釋是「符合、吻合」，例句：

If the figures don't quite tally, you might be missing an invoice.

如果數字不吻合，你可能是少了張發票。

The original estimate did not tally with the final bill.

最初的估價與最終的帳單不符合。

Her story tallied with what Ryder had told Isabel.

她所說的與Ryder告訴Isabel的是吻合的。

Please tally everything up and tell me the total.

麻煩幫我統計一下，然後告訴我總數。

The election officials tallied the votes up and announced the winner.

選舉委員統計選票並宣布獲勝者。

After we tally up all relevant fees and taxes, your final bill comes to $720.65.

我們統計所有相關費用和稅費後，您的帳單最終為720.65美元。

The waiter tallied up our bill at the end of the meal.

用餐結束時，服務生為我們總結了帳單。

名詞 turnaround 有幾個不同的中文解釋：(1) 周轉時間、(訂單、貨物的)處理時間 (2) (車輛)終點裝卸時間、(飛機)回航的準備時間 (3) (突然)好轉、徹底的改變。

第一個意思是周轉時間、(訂單、貨物的)處理時間

Our company has an inventory turnaround time of about 85 days.

我們公司的庫存周轉時間大約是85 天。

The average turnaround for a passport application is six working days.

申請護照的平均需要六個工作日。

If you're near California, the turnaround time for shipping is only about two days.

如果你住在California附近，商品運輸的時間只有大約兩天。

第二個意思是(車輛)終點裝卸時間、(飛機)回航的準備時間

Southwest's planes have a turnaround time of 20 to 30 minutes.

美國西南航空的飛機周轉時間為 20 到 30 分鐘。

Bus turnarounds range from 15 minutes downtown to one hour in outlying areas.

公車的往返週期從市中心的 15 分鐘到邊遠地區的一小時不等。

第三個意思是(突然)好轉、徹底的改變

The team needs a big turnaround after their loss last week.

在上週比賽失利後，球隊需要徹底的改變。

The management is confident the company will make a major turnaround this year.

管理層有信心公司今年將有重大轉機。

The company has achieved a remarkable turnaround in the past year.

公司在過去一年(業績)明顯的好轉。

Turnover 的意思是商店銷售商品的「營業額」，另一個解釋是新員工取代舊員工的「更替率」，根據程度，我們可以用 high/fast/quick 或是 low/slow/light 來形容周轉率的好壞，一起來看他們各自的例句：

1. Turnover = 商品平均銷售的次數; 營業額 

We have had a low turnover of inventory this quarter and didn't bring in much money.

本季我們的存貨周轉率很低，並沒有替公司帶來多少收入。

Our business success is built on a fast turnover of merchandise.

我們企業的成功是建立在快速的商品周轉率。

Inventory turnover 是指一家公司在某一段時間內賣出庫存的次數，也就是商品平均銷售的次數，投資人會參考存貨周轉率以確認這間公司的經營效率 because quick turnover is good for cash flow (庫存周轉率高有利於現金流)。

Recently the company has been trying to increase its turnover by diversifying into other fields.

最近，該公司試圖透過多角化經營來增加營業額。

The company's annual turnover is somewhere around $37.7 billion.

這家公司的年營業額約為 377 億美元。

2. Turnover =  (人員)流動率

The company has experienced a lot of turnover (of personnel) in the past year. 

公司在過去一年經歷了大量的(人事)流動。

A large number of temporary contracts resulted in a high turnover of staff.

臨時合約(工)多，人員更替率就會很高。

The restaurant industry has an astronomical amount of (employee) turnover, with data showing an average churn of around 73%.

餐飲業的員工流動率高到不行，數據顯示平均流失率約為 73%。

最後一個例句想要說明的現象，我們也可以簡單的說: The restaurant turnover is astronomical. (餐廳的員工流動率高到不行)，要注意這裡的 restaurant turnover 可不是我們常聽到的餐廳「翻桌率」喔!「翻桌率」的英文是 table turnover (rate)

One easy way to increase table turnover is to serve a smaller menu so that customers can decide and order faster.

增加翻桌率的一個簡單的方法就是提供選擇較少的菜單，這樣一來客人可以更快地做出決定和點餐。

More and more restaurants are using a digital waitlist system to maximize table turnover rates.

越來越多的餐廳使用數位候補名單系統希望能最大化地提高翻桌率。

One of the biggest challenges facing restaurant owners is serving more people daily while providing a flawless dining experience that doesn't include rushing customers out of their seats. The reasoning behind it is simple: the faster the table turnover, and the more customers you serve, the higher the revenue. 

餐廳老闆面臨的最大挑戰之一是每天為更多的人提供服務，同時提供完美的用餐體驗，其中不包括把顧客趕出座位。背後的道理很簡單：餐廳的翻桌率越快，服務的顧客越多，營收也就越高。