Lesson Introduction
Μέρος 1
Relative Pronouns
Adjectives such as tall, new, and great are often used to describe or modify the following noun. For instance: a tall girl, a new watch, a great job. Similarly, clauses can also function as adjectives, serving to modify nouns. These are referred to as "adjective clauses." Given that adjective clauses tend to be quite long, they are typically placed after the noun they modify. Here are a few examples:
She needs a job.
A job can afford her rent.
We can rewrite these two sentences into one sentence using the adjective clause:
She needs a job which can afford her rent.
Antecedent: job
Relative pronoun: which
Adjective clause: which can afford her rent
In the above sentence,
which is the "relative
pronoun", and the noun before the relative pronoun is called
"antecedent". The leading clause is called the "adjective clause" or
"relative clause".
In our example, the adjective clause is
which can afford her rent, which is used to describe the antecedent “job,
The relative pronoun “which”
is used to refer to “job,” and is the subject in this adjective clause.
It is important to note that a "relative pronoun" can be either a "subject" or an "object" in an adjective clause. Let's look at an example of a "relative pronoun" acting as an "object" in an adjective clause:
That is the mountain.
We are going to climb that mountain.
We can use the adjective clause to combine these two sentences into one sentence:
That is the mountain which we are going to climb.
In this example, “which”
is a relative pronoun, referring to the antecedent “mountain”, and the adjective clause is used as the object of the entire
sentence to describe the nature of the antecedent “mountain”, indicating that this mountain is the one we are going to
climb.
Next, we will show you the five relative pronouns in English: who,
whom, whose, which, that.
▶️ The relative pronouns “who” and “whom” are used to refer to people
If the "person" to be replaced is the "subject" in the relative clause, we use “who”. For example:
People who abide by
traffic rules don’t run the red light.
I like to work with someone
who is responsible and
hard-working.
If the "person" to be replaced is the "object" in the relative clause, we use “whom”. For example:
I don’t know the actor
whom Elaine is talking
about.
Michael is the guy whom I often hang out
with.
He is the man whom I spoke to
yesterday.
▶️ The relative pronoun “which” is used to refer to "animals or things"
Here are example sentences where “which” acts as the subject in relative clauses:
I didn’t see the report
which was handed out this
morning.
Did you sign the package
which arrived this
morning?
Many cities which have
hosted the Olympics in the past have ended up running up huge debts.
Here are example sentences where “which” acts as the object in relative clauses:
The latest Marvel movie
which I have been waiting
for will be in theaters next week.
Did you get the email which Owen sent to us
yesterday?
The restaurant which we often go to is
across the street.
Did you watch the TV series
which I
recommended?
▶️ The relative pronoun “that” is used to refer to "people, animals, or things"
He is the kind of person
that doesn't like to
follow traffic rules.
I don’t know the actor
that Elaine is talking
about.
I didn’t see the report
that was handed out
this morning.
The restaurant
that we often go to is
across the street.
Did you watch the TV series
that I
recommended?
▶️ The possessive relative pronoun “whose” is used to replace possessives such as “his”, “her”, “its”, "their", "my", "our", "their", "these", or "those"
I am going to have an interview with a company
whose logo has a
kangaroo.
The man whose father is
super rich was
arrested for drunk driving yesterday night.
He is marrying a girl
whose family doesn’t
seem to like him.
I have a friend
whose birthday is next
Tuesday.
TOEIC Example: It is necessary for job candidates ______ are currently employed to write down their date of availability on the application form.
(A) who
(B) what
(C) whose
(D) which
The correct answer is (A) who.
In this sentence, "who"
is used as a relative pronoun to introduce a relative clause. This
clause "who are currently employed" gives additional information
about the "job candidates".
(B) "What" as a relative
adverb is used to refer to things, not people. Therefore, it is
not correct in this context.
(C) "Whose" is a
possessive form of "who" used to indicate ownership or
association. In this sentence, there is no possession or
association being referred to, so "whose" is incorrect.
(D)
"Which" as a relative pronoun is used to refer to things or
animals, not people. Therefore, it is not correct in this context.
TOEIC Example: Many students from medical schools want to be a doctor ______ annual income is higher than that of a nurse.
(A) who
(B) which
(C) that
(D) whose
The correct answer is (D) whose.
"Whose" is a
possessive pronoun used to indicate ownership or relationship. In
this sentence, it is used to denote the relationship between the
doctor and his or her annual income. Hence, the sentence means the
students want to be a doctor and the doctor's annual income is
higher than that of a nurse.
(A) "Who" is a relative
pronoun used to refer to people. However, it cannot show
possession, hence it is wrong in this context.
(B)
"Which" is a relative pronoun used to refer to things or animals.
It cannot show possession or refer to people, hence it is wrong in
this context.
(C) "That" is a relative pronoun used to
refer to things or people only in restrictive relative clauses. It
also cannot show possession, hence it is wrong in this context.
Non-defining Relative Pronouns
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Defining relative clauses vs. non-defining relative clauses |
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Defining relative clauses |
Non-defining relative clauses |
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Defining relative clauses provide essential information about the noun or pronoun it modifies and are necessary for the complete understanding of the sentence. They are not set off by commas. For example: The person who called you is my friend. Here, the relative clause "who called you" defines which person we are talking about. |
Non-defining relative clauses provide additional information that is not essential to understanding the sentence. They are set off by commas. For example: My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting me. Here the relative clause "who lives in New York" is just providing extra information about my brother, but it's not essential to know who we are talking about - it's clear that we're talking about my brother. Note: “that‘ can not be used in non-defining relative clauses |
Here are two situations where you need to use non-defining relative clauses:
▶️ (1) The antecedent is usually a "proper noun", "specific object", or "unique person or thing"
London, which is the capital city of the United Kingdom, attracts
tens of thousands of tourists each month.
The supervisor implemented a dress code policy, which many workers
find unnecessary.
Daniel, who was late again today, sits next to me in the English
class.
My blue tennis shoes, which used to be my mom's, are under the bed
now.
Cohen, whose short film
won awards, was chosen to direct the movie.
Kate, whose sister I
used to share a house with, has gone to work in Australia.
▶️ (2) “Which” is used to refer to "all the information mentioned in the previous sentence"
In a non-defining relative clause, the “which” can also refer to "all the information mentioned in the previous sentence". Let's look at some example sentences:
Alex did really well on his exams, which is quite a surprise.
Cancer is a common disease in modern society, which kills millions
of people each year.
Many drivers use their mobile phones
while driving,
which causes
increasing numbers of road accidents.
TOEIC Example: Coach Oneal Tajayako, _______ cricket team has won six gold medals, declared his retirement this morning, _______ surprised all the team members and the other playing teams.
(A) who; which
(B) whose; which
(C) whom; that
(D) whom; x
The correct answer is (B) whose; which.
In the first
blank, we need a pronoun to show possession because we are talking
about the cricket team that belongs to Coach Oneal Tajayako. The
correct possessive pronoun here is 'whose'. The word 'who' in
option (A) is a subject pronoun and it does not show possession.
The word 'whom' in options (C) and (D) is an object pronoun and it
is also not used to show possession.
In the second
blank, we need a pronoun to refer back to the event of Coach Oneal
Tajayako declaring his retirement. Since this event is not a
person, we cannot use 'whom' as in option (C) because 'whom' is
used to refer to people in the objective case. We also cannot
leave the space blank as in option (D) because we need a pronoun
to refer back to the event. The correct pronoun to use here is
'which' as in option (B). 'Which' is used to refer back to a
thing, event, or idea mentioned earlier in the sentence. In this
case, 'which' refers back to the event of the coach declaring his
retirement.
Continue to next part:
Μέρος 2
Relative Adverbs
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Preposition + Relative pronoun = Relative adverb |
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Relative adverbs = prepositions + relative pronouns. There are three main types of relative adverbs:
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Prepositions often appear before a relative pronoun to convey a specific meaning. Consider this sentence:
This afternoon, I will go to the coffee shop at which we used to hang out.
👉Why do we use "at" before "which"? It's to express the idea of gathering at a coffee shop. The original form of the sentence was:
This afternoon, I will go to the coffee shop which we used to hang out at.
👉 In this case, the preposition "at" comes after the verb. However, a preferred arrangement places "at" before the relative pronoun "which", creating the sentence:
This afternoon, I will go to the coffee shop at which we used to hang out.
We can further rewrite the above sentence as:
I will go to the coffee shop where we used to hang out.
👉Here, “at which” is changed to “where”, and “where” is a relative adverb.
There are three main types of relative adverbs:
- where = preposition of place + which
- when = preposition of time + which
- why = for which
▶️ where = place preposition + which
This gourmet restaurant is the place
which I met your father
at.
This gourmet restaurant is the place
at which I met your
father.
This gourmet restaurant is the place
where I met your
father.
Can you name the basketball team
which Michael Jordan won 6 NBA
titles with?
Can you name the basketball team
with which Michael
Jordan won 6 NBA titles?
Can you name the basketball team
where Michael Jordan
won 6 NBA titles?
The tree which they had their picnic
under was the largest and
oldest in the park.
The tree
under which they had
their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
The tree where they
had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
I’ve never felt close to the community
which I grew up
in.
I’ve never felt close to the community
in which I grew
up.
I’ve never felt close to the community
where I grew up.
▶️ when = preposition of time + which
I still remember the date
which we met each other
on.
I still remember the date
on which we met each
other.
I still remember the date
when we met each
other.
During the training, runners set intervals during which they run fast for a brief period, and then recover. = During the training, runners set intervals when they run fast for a brief period, and then recover.
Researchers in Germany, have analyzed data to see if the month in which people are born affects how long people will live. = Researchers in Germany, have analyzed data to see if the month when people are born affects how long people will live.
▶️ why = for which
We don't know the reason
for which they broke up
with each other.
We don't know the reason
why they broke up with
each other.
The reason
for which Jason is not
getting promoted to the supervisor is that he often slacks off at
work. = The reason
why Jason is not getting
promoted to the supervisor is that he often slacks off at
work.
TOEIC Example: For each seminar, students have to register and pay before the registration date ______ the seminar begins.
(A) which
(B) on when
(C) on which
(D) in which
The correct answer is (C) on which.
In the sentence,
'on which' is the correct relative pronoun to use. It is referring
to the 'registration date' and the action of the seminar
beginning. In English, we use 'on' with dates. So 'on which' is
used to relate the 'registration date' to the time when the
seminar begins. It is grammatically correct and fits
contextually.
(A) 'which' is incorrect because it lacks
the necessary preposition 'on' to connect the date with the action
of the seminar beginning. It leaves the sentence incomplete.
(B) 'on when' is incorrect because 'on' and 'when' are both
prepositions and it is not proper to use two prepositions together
in this context.
(D) 'in which' is incorrect because 'in' is not the suitable
preposition to use with dates. 'In' is usually used for longer
periods such as months, years, seasons, etc., not for specific
dates.
TOEIC Example: The computer systems ______ are affordable for a Fortune 500 company will not be affordable for a small company.
(A) in which
(B) in that
(C) what
(D) that
The correct answer is (D) that.
In this sentence, the
relative pronoun 'that' is used to introduce a restrictive
relative clause. A restrictive relative clause provides essential
information about the noun that comes before it. If the clause
were removed, the meaning of the sentence would change. So here,
'that' is used to specify the type of computer systems the
sentence is referring to, i.e., those which are affordable for a
Fortune 500 company.
(A) 'In which' is incorrect
because it is usually used to introduce a clause where the
antecedent is a location or situation. It's not suitable in this
sentence because the affordability of the computer systems is not
a location or situation.
(B) 'In that' is incorrect
because it is typically used to mean 'because', which doesn't fit
the context of this sentence.
(C) 'What' is incorrect
because it's not used as a relative pronoun to introduce a
restrictive clause. 'What' is used as a pronoun to ask questions
or represent things that are unknown or unspecified. In this
sentence, we need a word to specify or define the computer
systems, not to ask a question or represent an unknown.
Relative Pronoun Omission Rules
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Relative Pronoun Omission Rules |
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(1) When a relative pronoun serves as an object in a relative clause without a preceding comma or preposition, it can be left out. (2) If a relative pronoun serves as the subject within the relative clause and is followed by an active verb, you should transform the verb into a gerund after omitting the pronoun. (3) In cases where the relative pronoun acts as the subject in the relative clause and is followed by a 'be' verb, both the relative pronoun and the 'be' verb can be omitted. (4) If the relative pronoun is the subject in the relative clause and is followed by a passive verb, both the relative pronoun and the verb 'be' should be omitted. |
▶️ When a relative pronoun serves as an object in a relative clause without a preceding comma or preposition, it can be left out.
This is the form (which) you must fill out to become a
member.
This is the form you must fill out to become a member.
The restaurant
(which) we often go to
is across the street.
The restaurant
we often go to is
across the street.
▶️ If a relative pronoun serves as the subject within the relative clause and is followed by an active verb, you should transform the verb into a gerund after omitting the pronoun.
The successful candidate will be someone
who has at least six years
of managerial experience.
The successful candidate will be someone
having at least six years
of managerial experience.
Did you sign the package
which arrived this morning?
Did you sign the package
arriving this morning?
Many cities
which have hosted the Olympics in the past have ended
up running up huge debts.
Many cities
having hosted the Olympics in the past have ended up
running up huge debts.
Passengers who stand in line need to have their travel documents
ready.
Passengers standing in line need to have their travel documents
ready.
▶️ In cases where the relative pronoun acts as the subject in the relative clause and is followed by a 'be' verb, both the relative pronoun and 'be' verb can be omitted.
I need to speak with the person
(who is) in charge of
reservations.
I need to speak with the person
in charge of reservations.
The train
(which is) now arriving at platform 2 is the 3: 20 from
Kaohsiung.
The train
now arriving at platform 2 is the 3: 20 from Kaohsiung.
The boy
(who was) driving the
BMW was underage, unlicensed and over the limit.
The boy driving the BMW was underage, unlicensed and over the
limit.
▶️ If the relative pronoun is the subject in the relative clause and is followed by a passive verb, both the relative pronoun and the verb 'be' should be omitted.
The novel
(that was) written by
J. K. Rowling was the best-selling book last month.
The novel
written by J. K. Rowling was the best-selling book last
month.
Food (which is) sold in this supermarket is of the highest
quality.
Food sold in this supermarket is of the highest quality.
Many entry-level workers are dissatisfied with the wage
(which is)
offered at Samsung.
Many entry-level workers are dissatisfied with the wage
offered at Samsung.
TOEIC Example: Job applicants ______ skills useful for the applied position will have a better chance of being hired.
(A) possessed
(B) possessing
(C) possess
(D) possesses
The correct answer is (B) possessing.
The relative
pronoun that is omitted in this sentence is 'who' or 'that', so
the full sentence would be 'Job applicants who are possessing
skills useful for the applied position will have a better chance
of being hired.' Based on the Relative Pronoun Omission Rules, we
can omit the pronoun and the verb 'be' to make the sentence more
concise, which results in 'Job applicants possessing skills...'
(A)
Possessed is incorrect because it is a past tense verb, and the
sentence requires a present participle after the omitted relative
pronoun 'who are.'
(C) Possess is incorrect because it
is the base form of the verb. The verb form 'possess' would be
correct if the relative pronoun 'who' was not omitted.
(D) Possesses is incorrect because it is a singular
verb form, and the subject 'job applicants' is plural. The verb
'possesses' would be correct if the noun was singular, for
example, 'a job applicant.'
This is the final section of the lesson. I'm ready to start the review exercises!
Review Exercise (1/14)
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((B))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((B)).
The correct answer is (B) that.
In this sentence, the relative pronoun "that" is used to introduce a relative clause. This clause provides essential information about the noun it modifies -- in this case, the noun is "issues". The clause "that include logging in and out, basic security, document retrieval, and report submissions" specifies which issues exactly the training program has been designed to provide solutions to.
(A) "Whose" is a possessive relative pronoun, used to show ownership or relationships between people or things. It does not fit in this sentence because "issues" do not own or possess anything.
(C) "What" is often used as a relative pronoun to introduce noun clauses, especially in informal speech and writing, but it does not fit here as we need to specify the issues. "What" would be incorrect because it does not provide the necessary connection between "issues" and the rest of the sentence.
(D) "Who" is a relative pronoun used to refer to people, not things or ideas. Since "issues" is not a person, "who" is not appropriate in this context.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((C))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((C)).
The correct answer is (C) whose.
The word "whose" is a possessive relative pronoun used to indicate relationships between people or things. In this context, the sentence is talking about the man's immediate family members, so it would be correct to say "whose immediate family members also had COVID-19".
(A) "who" is not correct because "who" is a subject pronoun used to refer to the person performing the action, not to express possession. In the sentence, the man is not doing the action; instead, it is about his family members.
(B) "that" is incorrect because "that" is used to refer to things or groups of people, not to indicate possession.
(D) "which" is not correct because "which" is used to refer to things, not people. Furthermore, "which" also doesn't show possession.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((C))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((C)).
The correct answer is (C) to whom.
The reason why "to whom" is correct is because it is referring to the indirect object of the sentence, which in this case is the local consumers. In English grammar, "whom" is used as the objective form of "who" and is typically used to refer to the object of a verb or preposition, rather than the subject. In this sentence, the local consumers are the ones to whom Mr. Kin has done something, hence the use of "to whom".
(A) "whose" is incorrect because it is a possessive pronoun used to show ownership or association. In this sentence, there is no ownership or association being referred to.
(B) "what" is incorrect because it is used to ask questions or refer to things or situations that are unknown. In this sentence, it is known that the local consumers are the ones expressing their appreciation.
(D) "whom" without the preposition "to" is incorrect because the verb "expressed" requires a preposition when referring to the object of the action. Therefore, "whom" alone would not make sense in this context.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((C))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((C)).
The correct answer is (C) which.
The sentence is using a non-restrictive relative clause, which gives additional information about the noun it follows (in this case, "the Kingston Hallom Cinema"). Non-restrictive clauses are set off by commas and use "which" rather than "that". So, we say "the Kingston Hallom Cinema, which is the most prestigious movie theater in the district". This informs us that the Kingston Hallom Cinema is the most prestigious movie theater in the district, but this information is not essential to identify the cinema.
(A) "where" is incorrect because "where" is used to introduce a place or location, and in this case, we are providing additional information about the cinema, not its location.
(B) "when" is incorrect because "when" is used to introduce a time or occasion. In this case, the sentence is giving additional information about the cinema, not stating a time or event.
(D) "that" is incorrect because "that" is used in restrictive relative clauses (without commas) that provide essential information for identifying the noun they follow. If we used "that" here, it would imply that there are multiple Kingston Hallom Cinemas, and we are specifying it's the prestigious one where the giveaway is happening. However, the commas indicate that we are simply adding extra information about the already specified Kingston Hallom Cinema.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((B))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((B)).
The correct answer is (B) whose; which.
"Whose" is a relative pronoun used to show possession. In this context, it is used to indicate that the cricket team belongs to Coach Oneal Tajayako.
"Which" is also a relative pronoun used to give additional information about something mentioned in the sentence. In this context, it is used to provide further information about the surprise retirement.
(A) "who; which" - 'who' is incorrect because it is used to refer to the subject of a clause, while in this case we need to indicate possession (the team belongs to the coach).
(C) "whom; that" - 'whom' is incorrect in this case because it is used as an object pronoun, not to show possession. 'That' could theoretically be used in place of 'which', but it is less formal and less common in written English.
(D) "whom; x" - 'whom' is incorrect for the same reason as in (C). The second part of the sentence requires a relative pronoun (like 'which') to provide additional information about the retirement, so leaving it out ('x') is also incorrect.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((B))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((B)).
The correct answer is (B) which.
In this sentence, "which" is used as a relative pronoun to refer back to the noun (appliance manufacturers) and add more information about them. The relative pronoun "which" can be used to refer to things or a whole situation. Here, it is used to refer to the appliances manufacturers that introduced next year’s models.
(A) "what" is incorrect because it is not a relative pronoun.
(C) "whom" is also incorrect because it is a relative pronoun used for people, and it is used as the object of a verb or preposition. In this sentence, there is no verb or preposition that requires an object.
(D) "that" is incorrect because it is used as a relative pronoun for things and people only in defining relative clauses (clauses that identify which person or thing we mean). In this sentence, we are not identifying or defining the manufacturers, but adding extra information about them. Therefore, "that" should not be used.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((C))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((C)).
The correct answer is (C) which.
The word "which" is a relative pronoun that is used in this context to refer back to the noun, "managerial role." This creates a relative clause that provides more information about this role. It implies that the "managerial role" is the one that requires extensive experience.
(A) "Whoever" is incorrect because it is used for referring to any person, or people in general. In this context, we are referring to a specific role (managerial role), not a person.
(B) "Who" is also incorrect because it refers to a person. In this context, we need a word that refers to a thing - the managerial role.
(D) "Whatever" is incorrect because it is used to emphasize that it does not matter what will happen or what is the case. It is not appropriate in this context, where we are providing specific information about the managerial role.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((D))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((D)).
The correct answer is (D) during which.
The word "which" is a relative pronoun that refers to the time period "shutdown period". "During" is used in this sentence to indicate the time period in which the equipment was overhauled and made ready for the new season. The correct phrase to complete this sentence is "during which". It is used to introduce a relative clause that provides additional information about the shutdown period - it was the time when the equipment was overhauled and made ready for the new season.
(A) "at" is incorrect because it is a preposition that indicates a specific point in time, not a duration or period of time, which is implied by "shutdown period".
(B) "during" is also incorrect because it is a preposition used to indicate a specific time frame, but in this sentence, we need to refer back to the "shutdown period" and provide additional information about it, which "during" can't do on its own.
(C) "what" is incorrect because it is an interrogative pronoun used to ask questions. It does not fit the context of this sentence, which is not asking a question.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((A))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((A)).
The correct answer is (A) for which.
In English, certain verbs and phrases require the use of specific prepositions to convey the correct meaning. In this case, the verb "apply" often takes the preposition "for" when referring to a specific job, position, or opportunity (i.e., "apply for a job").
When using relative pronouns like "which," it's common to include the necessary preposition from the original statement to maintain the correct meaning. So, "for which" is essentially standing in for "the position for which you applied." If you remove "for," the sentence becomes "the position which you applied," which sounds incomplete and incorrect to native English speakers.
Therefore, "for which" is used to keep the original meaning ("apply for") intact in the relative clause.
(B) "that which" is incorrect because it is redundant in this context. "That" and "which" are both relative pronouns, but only "which" is required in this sentence.
(C) "what" is incorrect because it does not fit grammatically in the sentence. The use of "what" would require a significant restructuring of the sentence, and even then, it would not carry the exact same meaning.
(D) "which" alone is incorrect. Although "which" is the correct relative pronoun to use, it needs to be used in tandem with "for" to maintain the sentence's grammatical structure and meaning. The preposition "for" relates back to the verb "applied," making the sentence sound complete and logically connected.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((D))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((D)).
The correct answer is (D) by which.
In this sentence, we need a relative pronoun to refer back to 'the principal means'. "By which" is the appropriate choice here since it correctly introduces a relative clause, showing the method or way through which the Malagasy population accesses news. "By" is used here as a preposition to indicate the method or means through which something is achieved. In this case, it's showing that radio broadcasts are the method through which the Malagasy population accesses news. If we remove "by," the sentence changes and it would incorrectly suggest that radio broadcasts are the population itself that accesses news.
(A) "Who" is incorrect because it is a relative pronoun used to refer to people, not things or methods.
(B) "which" is incorrect because it is missing the preposition “by”.
(C) "By that" is incorrect because we typically don’t put the preposition and the relative clause "that" together.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((B))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((B)).
The correct answer is (B) where.
In this context, "where" is used as a relative adverb to introduce a clause that gives further information about a place (in this case, the country). Therefore, the sentence reads "Employees who will be assigned to work overseas are advised to study the language of the country where they will reside." Here "where" connects the noun "country" with the clause "they will reside". Here, “where” equals to “in which‘.
(A) "which" is incorrect because it is missing the preposition “in”. “Employees who will be assigned to work overseas are advised to study the language of the country in which they will reside" is the correct sentence.
(C) "on which" is incorrect as the preposition should be “in”. We don’t say “people reside on the country”. We say “People reside in the country‘.
(D) "who" is incorrect because "who" is a relative pronoun that refers to people, not places. Therefore, it cannot be used to refer to "the country".
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((A))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((A)).
The correct answer is (A) exempting.
In this sentence, "exempting" is used as a participle that modifies the noun "clause". The basic structure of the sentence is, "Ms. Jones relies on a clause (that is) exempting her from liability". The relative pronoun "that" and the auxiliary verb "is" are omitted here as per the 'Relative Pronoun Omission Rules' which state that you can omit the relative pronoun and the be verb when the relative pronoun is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
(B) "that exempt" is incorrect because it is missing the auxiliary verb "does". The correct phrase would be "that does exempt".
(C) "exempted" is incorrect because it is not a participle, but a simple past tense verb which does not fit the sentence grammatically.
(D) "which exempted" is incorrect because it is in the past tense, changing the meaning of the sentence. The clause in the contract is still in effect, so the present participle "exempting" should be used instead. Furthermore, it's also missing the auxiliary verb "has". The correct phrase would be "which has exempted".
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((C))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((C)).
The correct answer is (C) equipped.
In this sentence, the word "equipped" is used as a past participle modifying the noun "seats". The basic structure of the sentence is, "Turkey Airline offers first-class seats (that are) equipped with a fully reclining seat, workstation, TV, and a global telephone." The relative pronoun "that" and the auxiliary verb "are" are omitted based on the 'Relative Pronoun Omission Rules'.
According to the Relative Pronoun Omission Rules, if the relative pronoun is the subject in the relative clause and is followed by a passive verb, both the relative pronoun and the verb 'be' should be omitted.
(A) 'equipping' is incorrect because it is a present participle and doesn't agree with the context of the sentence. It suggests that the seats are currently in the process of equipping these features, which isn't the intended meaning.
(B) 'that equip' is incorrect because it suggests that the seats themselves are doing the action of equipping, which isn't accurate.
(D) 'which equipped' is incorrect because it suggests that the seats had these features in the past but not necessarily now, which isn't the intended meaning.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
Υποβολή απάντησης
done Σωστά! Η σωστή απάντηση είναι "((B))".
clear Όχι ακριβώς. Η σωστή απάντηση είναι ((B)).
The correct answer is (B) suitable.
In the sentence, the word that fills the blank should serve as an adjective describing the job candidates. According to the 'Relative Pronoun Omission Rules', we can omit the relative pronoun and 'be' verb in a sentence when the relative pronoun is the subject. Here, we can understand the sentence as "Of the four job candidates (that are) suitable for appointment to a managerial position..."
(A) Suiting is incorrect because it is the present participle form of the verb 'suit'. It is used to describe actions, not people or things.
(B) Suitable is the correct answer as it is an adjective meaning 'appropriate' or 'fitting', which correctly describes the job candidates in relation to the managerial position.
(C) Suitably is an adverb, and it's used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. It can't be used to modify a noun, which is 'candidates' in this case.
(D) Suitability is a noun meaning 'the quality of being right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation'. It cannot be used to describe the job candidates, hence it is incorrect.
Επανεκκίνηση τεστ
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