Function questions focus on the purpose behind what the speaker says rather than the literal meaning of the words. Instead of asking “what does it mean,” these questions ask why the speaker says something in that particular moment.
Often, the speaker may use idioms, informal expressions, or seemingly unrelated remarks. Your task is to determine how these statements contribute to the conversation or lecture—whether they clarify, emphasize, contrast, or shift the topic within the larger context.
Lesson Introduction
レッスンチャプター 1
What are Function questions?
TOEFL Listening function questions test whether you understand what a speaker is doing with one line, not what the words mean on their own. The question may ask you to use the situation around the line or the tone and attitude of the speaker. Here are the main things to listen for in function questions.
Strategy:
- Listen to the situation around the statement. A Function question is not about the dictionary meaning of the words. It is about the job the line does in the conversation or the talk. The lines just before and just after the quoted sentence carry that job. What the other speaker says next often shows how the line was understood.
- Listen for tone and attitude. Tone changes meaning. The same words can sound surprised, doubtful, annoyed, amused, relieved, or joking, and each of those carries a different purpose. A choice that only restates the words of the quoted line is usually a trap, because it explains the words instead of the action behind them.
Strategy reminder: Listen to the situation around the statement. A Function question is not about the dictionary meaning of the words. It is about the job the line does in the conversation or the talk. The lines just before and just after the quoted sentence carry that job. What the other speaker says next often shows how the line was understood.
We'll look at a sample TOEFL listening practice.
Sample Question:
What does the man mean when he says, “I’m back to square one”?
- He will keep looking.
- He found another room.
- He prefers living off campus.
- He has to start over.
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spellcheck Transcript
Woman: Did you ever hear back from the student housing office about your application?
Man: Yeah, they emailed me this morning. I didn't get into the residence hall I wanted.
Woman: Oh, that's disappointing. Are there any other options?
Man: They offered me a room in another building, but it's all the way across campus from the engineering labs.
Woman: That would make your mornings pretty inconvenient.
Man: Exactly. I'm back to square one.
Woman: So you're going to keep looking?
Man: Yeah, probably for an off-campus place this time.
Let’s solve it using the strategy.
- Use the strategy. Listen to the situation around the statement. A Function question is not about the dictionary meaning of the words. It is about the job the line does in the conversation or the talk. The lines just before and just after the quoted sentence carry that job. What the other speaker says next often shows how the line was understood.
- Function: The offered room is too far from the labs. After “I'm back to square one,” the woman asks if he will keep looking, and he says yes. The line means he will keep looking, not just the idiom start over, and not that he already took another room or prefers off-campus housing.
- Eliminate B. This choice says he found another room. Housing offered one, but it is across campus from the labs. He does not take it.
- Eliminate C. This choice says he prefers living off campus. He says he will probably look off campus this time. That is a possible next search, not a preference he has already chosen.
- Eliminate D. This choice restates the usual meaning of back to square one. After the line, the woman asks if he will keep looking, and he says yes. That is the job of the line here.
- Correct answer: A.
What does the man mean when he says, “I’m back to square one”?
- He will keep looking.
- He found another room.
- He prefers living off campus.
- He has to start over.
Strategy reminder: Listen to the situation around the statement. A Function question is not about the dictionary meaning of the words. It is about the job the line does in the conversation or the talk. The lines just before and just after the quoted sentence carry that job. What the other speaker says next often shows how the line was understood.
We'll look at a sample TOEFL listening practice.
Sample Question:
What does the professor mean when he says, “The summer-only theory is becoming harder to defend”?
- The theory needs clearer wording.
- The site was used longer.
- Researchers cannot date the site.
- The theory is hard to argue.
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spellcheck Transcript
Professor: For many years, archaeologists assumed that this settlement was occupied only during the summer. The reasoning seemed fairly straightforward. Most of the tools found there were associated with hunting, and researchers believed groups came to the area only when large animals migrated through the valley. But then archaeologists began finding objects that did not fit that explanation. They uncovered storage pits containing preserved seeds, as well as pieces of pottery normally used for preparing food over longer periods. More importantly, several structures had thick walls and evidence of repeated repairs, which would be unusual for shelters used only a few weeks each year. So, the summer-only theory is becoming harder to defend. Researchers now think at least some people may have remained there for much longer periods.
Let’s solve it using the strategy.
- Use the strategy. Listen to the situation around the statement. A Function question is not about the dictionary meaning of the words. It is about the job the line does in the conversation or the talk. The lines just before and just after the quoted sentence carry that job. What the other speaker says next often shows how the line was understood.
- Function: Storage pits, pottery, and repaired walls do not fit a short summer camp. After the line, the professor says some people may have remained much longer. “Harder to defend” means the site was used longer, not just that the theory is hard to argue, and not that the wording is unclear or the site cannot be dated.
- Eliminate A. This choice says the theory needs clearer wording. The professor is not talking about how the theory is written. The new finds suggest people stayed much longer.
- Eliminate C. This choice says researchers cannot date the site. Dating is never mentioned. Storage pits, pottery, and repaired walls point to a longer stay.
- Eliminate D. This choice restates harder to defend as a general gloss. After the line, the professor says some people may have remained there for much longer periods. That is the point of the line.
- Correct answer: B.
What does the professor mean when he says, “The summer-only theory is becoming harder to defend”?
- The theory needs clearer wording.
- The site was used longer.
- Researchers cannot date the site.
- The theory is hard to argue.