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多益閱讀文法 - Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences, also known as "if" clauses, are a fundamental part of English language that allow us to express various scenarios or hypotheses and their potential outcomes. There are several distinct types of these sentences, each carrying different meanings and possibilities. In this lesson, we will guide you through the most frequently used types of conditional sentences.

目錄

The Zero Conditional

Key Points

(1) The zero conditional expresses facts or truths. It uses the present tense in both the 'if' clause and the main clause.
The structure is as follows:
If + subject + present tense verb …, subject + present tense verb …
subject + present tense verb … if + subject + present tense verb …
Example sentence:
When the water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
(2) The zero conditional also outlines circumstances under which instructions are given. It uses the present tense in the 'if' clause and imperative sentences in the main clause. Imperative sentences, starting with a base verb, express orders, suggestions, and requirements.
The structure is as follows:
If + subject + verb in present tense …, base form of verb …
Base form of verb …. if + subject + present tense verb …
Example sentence:
Tell Bill to meet me at the cinema if he phones. 

▶️ The zero conditional expresses facts or truths

If + subject + present tense verb …, subject + present tense verb …

subject + present tense verb … if subject + present tense verb …

Ice melts if you heat it.
Plants die if they don't get enough water.
If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.

▶️The zero conditional expresses instructions (imperative sentences)

If + subject + verb in present tense …, infinitive verb …

Infinitive verb … if + subject + verb in present tense …

If you feel sick, call a doctor.
Don't stay up late if you are tired.
Let me know if you need help.

The First Conditional

Key Points

The first conditional is used to express situations that are likely or possible in the future. This involves using the present tense in the 'if' clause and the future tense in the main clause.

The structure is as follows:

If + subject + present tense verb …, subject + will/can/may + base verb …
Subject + will/can/may + base verb … if + subject + present tense verb …


Example sentence:

If it rains tomorrow, the soccer game will be put off.

👉 "It rains tomorrow" is a situation that is likely to happen in the future, so use the first conditional.

Here are example sentences of the first conditional:

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
If I save enough money, I will go on a cruise.
If we go to Africa, we will go on a safari.
If it rains, I won't go anywhere.
If you invite Joe to the party, he will be over the moon.
If it doesn't rain soon, the water level in the reservoir will continue to drop.
I will buy you dinner if I get the job.

The Second Conditional

Key Points

The second conditional is used to express hypothetical situations or events that are unlikely to happen. In the 'if' clause, we use the past tense. For 'be' verbs, we use 'were'. The main clause uses 'would', 'could', or 'might', followed by the base form of the main verb.

The structure is as follows:
If + subject + past tense verb/were …, subject + would/could/might + base form of verb …
Subject + would/could/might + base form of verb … if + subject + past tense verb/were …

Example sentence:
If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.
👉 The sentence expresses an unlikely event - winning the lottery - hence the use of the second conditional. 

Here are example sentences of the second conditional:

If I had more time, I would take the Japanese course.
If I moved to the U.S., I would learn English faster.
If the weather wasn't so bad, we’d go to the park.
If I were the president, I would focus on tackling climate change.
If I were rich, I could buy a big house.
I would go and see her if I knew where she lived.
I would drive to the beach every weekend if I had a car.

The Third Conditional

Key Points

The third conditional is used to express situations that did not happen in the past, and the hypothetical result that did not take place. The phrase 'if' introduces a clause in the past perfect tense, which is followed by a main clause that uses the form "would/could/might have + past participle".
The structure is as follows:
If + subject + had + past participle …, subject + would/could/might have + past participle …
Subject + would/could/might have + past participle … if + subject + had + past participle …
Here are some examples:
If we had left earlier, we would have caught the train.
If I had seen you, I would have said hello.

Here are example sentences of the third conditional:

If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.
If I had known you were in the hospital, I would have visited you.
If I had known the cost of the repair beforehand, I wouldn't have bought the car in the first place.
You would have passed the final exam if you had studied harder.
You could have been on time if you had caught the bus.
I'd have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday.

Mixed Conditionals

Key Points

The mixed conditional is used when we want to make a hypothesis about the past that has a consequence in the present.  In the mixed conditional, the 'if' clause is written in the past perfect tense (had + past participle), while the verb in the main clause takes the form of 'would/could/might + original verb'.
This structure is shown as follows:
If + subject + had + past participle …, subject + would/could/might + base verb …
Subject + would/could/might + base verb … if + subject + had + past participle …
Here are example sentences:
If you had been born a month earlier, you would be a Virgo.
If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.


👉The first sentence suggests that if the person being addressed was born a month earlier than their actual birth date, their zodiac sign would be Virgo.
👉 The second sentence expresses a hypothetical situation in the past where the speaker didn't work hard at school. The speaker now believes that if they had put in more effort during their school days, they would currently have a better job. 

Here are example sentences of mixed conditionals:

If I had finished my assignments sooner, I could be out with friends now.
We would be on a beach in Miami by now if we hadn't missed our flight.
If you hadn't failed this class in your freshman year, you wouldn't need to retake this class this semester.
If I had studied harder in my first year of high school, I wouldn't have to go to cram schools now.

“Were to” in Conditional Sentences

Key Points

The phrase "were to" is used in conditional sentences to talk about hypothetical or unlikely situations in the future. We use "were to" with all subjects (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). It's followed by a verb that shows an action or state.
The structure is as follows:
- If + subject + were to + base verb, subject + would/could/might + base verb
- Subject + would/could/might + base verb if + subject + were to + base verb
Here are some examples:
If I were to win the lottery, I would buy a new house.
What would you do if you were to lose your job?
👉 These sentences imagine future situations that are presently not true but could possibly happen, although it's unlikely. The tone is more formal and it's often used in formal writing, speeches, or literature. 

Here are example sentences using “were to”:

If I were to let the manager know I have made so many mistakes at work, he would kill me.
If I were to live in another city, I would live in Paris.
If Emma were to fail her driving test next Friday, she would have to retake it.
If she were to move to New York, she could see Broadway shows all the time.
They would be very upset if we were to cancel the event.

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The Third Conditional

Key Points

The third conditional is used to express situations that did not happen in the past, and the hypothetical result that did not take place. The phrase 'if' introduces a clause in the past perfect tense, which is followed by a main clause that uses the form "would/could/might have + past participle".
The structure is as follows:
If + subject + had + past participle …, subject + would/could/might have + past participle …
Subject + would/could/might have + past participle … if + subject + had + past participle …
Easy meaning: first imagine a different past action, then imagine the different past result.
Here are some examples:
If we had left earlier, we would have caught the train.
If I had seen you, I would have said hello.

Here are example sentences of the third conditional:

If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.
If I had known you were in the hospital, I would have visited you.
If I had known the cost of the repair beforehand, I wouldn't have bought the car in the first place.
You would have passed the final exam if you had studied harder.
You could have been on time if you had caught the bus.
I'd have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday.

Easy tip: use the third conditional when you are looking back and changing the past only in your imagination.

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Mixed Conditionals

Key Points

The mixed conditional is used when we want to make a hypothesis about the past that has a consequence in the present.  In the mixed conditional, the 'if' clause is written in the past perfect tense (had + past participle), while the verb in the main clause takes the form of 'would/could/might + original verb'.
This structure is shown as follows:
If + subject + had + past participle …, subject + would/could/might + base verb …
Subject + would/could/might + base verb … if + subject + had + past participle …
Easy meaning: something different in the past would create a different present now.
Here are example sentences:
If you had been born a month earlier, you would be a Virgo.
If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.


👉The first sentence suggests that if the person being addressed was born a month earlier than their actual birth date, their zodiac sign would be Virgo.
👉 The second sentence expresses a hypothetical situation in the past where the speaker didn't work hard at school. The speaker now believes that if they had put in more effort during their school days, they would currently have a better job. 

Here are example sentences of mixed conditionals:

If I had finished my assignments sooner, I could be out with friends now.
We would be on a beach in Miami by now if we hadn't missed our flight.
If you hadn't failed this class in your freshman year, you wouldn't need to retake this class this semester.
If I had studied harder in my first year of high school, I wouldn't have to go to cram schools now.

Easy tip: if the sentence starts in the past but ends with a result now, it is probably a mixed conditional.

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“Were to” in Conditional Sentences


Key Points

The phrase "were to" is used in conditional sentences to talk about hypothetical or unlikely situations in the future. We use "were to" with all subjects (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). It's followed by a base verb.
The structure is as follows:
- If + subject + were to + base verb, subject + would/could/might + base verb
- Subject + would/could/might + base verb if + subject + were to + base verb
Easy meaning: imagine a future situation that feels remote, formal, or not very likely.
Here are some examples:
If I were to win the lottery, I would buy a new house.
What would you do if you were to lose your job?
👉 These sentences imagine future situations that are presently not true but could possibly happen, although they seem unlikely. The tone is usually more formal.

Here are example sentences using “were to”:

If I were to let the manager know I have made so many mistakes at work, he would kill me.
If I were to live in another city, I would live in Paris.
If Emma were to fail her driving test next Friday, she would have to retake it.
If she were to move to New York, she could see Broadway shows all the time.
They would be very upset if we were to cancel the event.

Easy tip: choose this form when a normal second conditional feels too direct and you want a more formal style.

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下方有更多TOEIC閱讀Part 5、Part 6、Part 7題目，想練習的同學請瀏覽並點擊下方的考題。
TOEIC Reading Part 5 - Incomplete Sentences Total Questions: 76
Mock Test 1-20
Mock Test 1 Mock Test 2 Mock Test 3 Mock Test 4 Mock Test 5 Mock Test 6 Mock Test 7 Mock Test 8 Mock Test 9 Mock Test 10 Mock Test 11 Mock Test 12 Mock Test 13 Mock Test 14 Mock Test 15 Mock Test 16 Mock Test 17 Mock Test 18 Mock Test 19 Mock Test 20
Mock Test 21-40
Mock Test 21 Mock Test 22 Mock Test 23 Mock Test 24 Mock Test 25 Mock Test 26 Mock Test 27 Mock Test 28 Mock Test 29 Mock Test 30 Mock Test 31 Mock Test 32 Mock Test 33 Mock Test 34 Mock Test 35 Mock Test 36 Mock Test 37 Mock Test 38 Mock Test 39 Mock Test 40
Mock Test 41-60
Mock Test 41 Mock Test 42 Mock Test 43 Mock Test 44 Mock Test 45 Mock Test 46 Mock Test 47 Mock Test 48 Mock Test 49 Mock Test 50 Mock Test 51 Mock Test 52 Mock Test 53 Mock Test 54 Mock Test 55 Mock Test 56 Mock Test 57 Mock Test 58 Mock Test 59 Mock Test 60
Mock Test 61-80
Mock Test 61 Mock Test 62 Mock Test 63 Mock Test 64 Mock Test 65 Mock Test 66 Mock Test 67 Mock Test 68 Mock Test 69 Mock Test 70 Mock Test 71 Mock Test 72 Mock Test 73 Mock Test 74 Mock Test 75 Mock Test 76
TOEIC Reading Part 6 - Error Recognition or Text Completion Total Questions: 85
Mock Test 1-20
Mock Test 1 Mock Test 2 Mock Test 3 Mock Test 4 Mock Test 5 Mock Test 6 Mock Test 7 Mock Test 8 Mock Test 9 Mock Test 10 Mock Test 11 Mock Test 12 Mock Test 13 Mock Test 14 Mock Test 15 Mock Test 16 Mock Test 17 Mock Test 18 Mock Test 19 Mock Test 20
Mock Test 21-40
Mock Test 21 Mock Test 22 Mock Test 23 Mock Test 24 Mock Test 25 Mock Test 26 Mock Test 27 Mock Test 28 Mock Test 29 Mock Test 30 Mock Test 31 Mock Test 32 Mock Test 33 Mock Test 34 Mock Test 35 Mock Test 36 Mock Test 37 Mock Test 38 Mock Test 39 Mock Test 40
Mock Test 41-60
Mock Test 41 Mock Test 42 Mock Test 43 Mock Test 44 Mock Test 45 Mock Test 46 Mock Test 47 Mock Test 48 Mock Test 49 Mock Test 50 Mock Test 51 Mock Test 52 Mock Test 53 Mock Test 54 Mock Test 55 Mock Test 56 Mock Test 57 Mock Test 58 Mock Test 59 Mock Test 60
Mock Test 61-80
Mock Test 61 Mock Test 62 Mock Test 63 Mock Test 64 Mock Test 65 Mock Test 66 Mock Test 67 Mock Test 68 Mock Test 69 Mock Test 70 Mock Test 71 Mock Test 72 Mock Test 73 Mock Test 74 Mock Test 75 Mock Test 76 Mock Test 77 Mock Test 78 Mock Test 79 Mock Test 80
Mock Test 81-100
Mock Test 81 Mock Test 82 Mock Test 83 Mock Test 84 Mock Test 85
TOEIC Reading Part 7 - Reading Comprehension Total Questions: 240
Mock Test 1-20
Mock Test 1 Mock Test 2 Mock Test 3 Mock Test 4 Mock Test 5 Mock Test 6 Mock Test 7 Mock Test 8 Mock Test 9 Mock Test 10 Mock Test 11 Mock Test 12 Mock Test 13 Mock Test 14 Mock Test 15 Mock Test 16 Mock Test 17 Mock Test 18 Mock Test 19 Mock Test 20
Mock Test 21-40
Mock Test 21 Mock Test 22 Mock Test 23 Mock Test 24 Mock Test 25 Mock Test 26 Mock Test 27 Mock Test 28 Mock Test 29 Mock Test 30 Mock Test 31 Mock Test 32 Mock Test 33 Mock Test 34 Mock Test 35 Mock Test 36 Mock Test 37 Mock Test 38 Mock Test 39 Mock Test 40
Mock Test 41-60
Mock Test 41 Mock Test 42 Mock Test 43 Mock Test 44 Mock Test 45 Mock Test 46 Mock Test 47 Mock Test 48 Mock Test 49 Mock Test 50 Mock Test 51 Mock Test 52 Mock Test 53 Mock Test 54 Mock Test 55 Mock Test 56 Mock Test 57 Mock Test 58 Mock Test 59 Mock Test 60
Mock Test 61-80
Mock Test 61 Mock Test 62 Mock Test 63 Mock Test 64 Mock Test 65 Mock Test 66 Mock Test 67 Mock Test 68 Mock Test 69 Mock Test 70 Mock Test 71 Mock Test 72 Mock Test 73 Mock Test 74 Mock Test 75 Mock Test 76 Mock Test 77 Mock Test 78 Mock Test 79 Mock Test 80
Mock Test 81-100
Mock Test 81 Mock Test 82 Mock Test 83 Mock Test 84 Mock Test 85 Mock Test 86 Mock Test 87 Mock Test 88 Mock Test 89 Mock Test 90 Mock Test 91 Mock Test 92 Mock Test 93 Mock Test 94 Mock Test 95 Mock Test 96 Mock Test 97 Mock Test 98 Mock Test 99 Mock Test 100
Mock Test 101-120
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Mock Test 121-140
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Mock Test 141-160
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Mock Test 161-180
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Mock Test 181-200
Mock Test 181 Mock Test 182 Mock Test 183 Mock Test 184 Mock Test 185 Mock Test 186 Mock Test 187 Mock Test 188 Mock Test 189 Mock Test 190 Mock Test 191 Mock Test 192 Mock Test 193 Mock Test 194 Mock Test 195 Mock Test 196 Mock Test 197 Mock Test 198 Mock Test 199 Mock Test 200
Mock Test 201-220
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Mock Test 221-240
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