Lesson Introduction
章節 1
In this lesson, you’ll learn how to use subordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, and phrases to show contrast in your essay. Contrast relationships help you present two sides of an argument clearly and logically.
Let’s begin with a sample essay topic:
Do you support or oppose the construction of nuclear power plants in your country?We’ll write an introductory paragraph that shows both sides of the argument before giving our own opinion. Since we are presenting two opposite opinions, this paragraph will naturally include a contrast relationship.
In many parts of the world, there are heated discussions about whether building nuclear power plants is a good idea. On one hand, supporters say that nuclear power plants can provide a large supply of low-cost electricity in the future. On the other hand, opponents believe that nuclear waste can be dangerous for the environment and people’s health. In my opinion, although nuclear power brings some benefits, its risks are far greater. Therefore, I strongly oppose the construction of nuclear power plants in my country.
As you can see, we use the conjunctive adverb “on the other hand” to introduce the opposite opinion. This shows a clear contrast relationship between the two sides of the argument.
Here are other common conjunctive adverbs used to show contrast:
On the contrary
By contrast
These expressions can be used interchangeably. They all mean “in an opposite way.”
Here are two introductory paragraphs that use On the contrary and By contrast to express contrast.
Around the world, there is strong debate about whether governments should allow the construction of nuclear power plants. Supporters argue that these plants provide reliable electricity at a low cost, reducing living expenses for citizens. On the contrary, opponents believe it is irresponsible to build new plants while there is still no safe way to dispose of nuclear waste. From a safety perspective, I am against building nuclear power plants.
In the last example, the phrase “That is” introduces a restatement of the previous sentence. Similar expressions include “In other words” and “To put it simply”. These are used to show a reformulation relationship — when you explain the same idea in different words.
Now, let’s move on to another type of contrast — the concession relationship.
A concession relationship occurs when one idea is true, but another, surprising idea follows. It shows that something happens even though we might not expect it to.
Here are some conjunctive adverbs that show concession:
Nonetheless
However
Let’s look at an example paragraph using Nevertheless to show concession.
Why does the writer use “Nevertheless”? Let’s analyze it.
The writer first explains that developed countries are taking strong environmental action. Then the writer presents a surprising opposite idea — developing countries are unhappy about these restrictions. “Nevertheless” introduces this unexpected contrast.
Other words that mean the same as “Nevertheless” include “However” and “Nonetheless.” You can use them interchangeably to show concession.
Continue to next part:
章節 2
You can use the following prepositional phrases to show contrast:
in contrast to, as opposed to, contrary to
Let’s look at an introductory paragraph using the phrase “in contrast to.”
Around the world, the question of whether governments should build nuclear power plants remains highly debated. In contrast to the common belief that nuclear waste is dangerous and harmful to the environment, I believe that nuclear power plants are safe and efficient sources of clean energy.
As you can see, the writer uses “in contrast to” to show that their opinion is very different from the main or popular view.
We often use “in contrast to” when we want to say that one thing is very different from another. Here are some more examples:
Living on campus is in sharp contrast to living off campus.
In contrast to rural life, where people enjoy peace and community, city life feels fast and crowded.
We can also use “as opposed to” and “contrary to” to show contrast. Look at the examples below:
Contrary to public belief, I support an individual’s right to make end-of-life decisions under serious health conditions.
The phrases “in contrast to,” “as opposed to,” and “contrary to” show a clear contrast between two ideas. Now let’s look at “despite” and “in spite of.”
We use “despite” or “in spite of” to show that something happens even though another fact makes it surprising or unexpected.
Here’s an example:
This sentence could be rephrased as:
Another example:
Remember! “Despite” and “in spite of” are prepositions, so they must be followed by a noun or a gerund (–ing form).
For example, the following sentence is incorrect:
The correct sentences would be:
They arrived late in spite of leaving early.
We can also use “despite the fact that” or “in spite of the fact that” before a full clause:
They arrived late in spite of the fact that they left early.
These expressions are very common in academic writing and are great for showing unexpected contrasts or surprising results.
Continue to next part:
章節 3
Let’s take a look at some useful subordinating conjunctions that can show contrast between two ideas:
Even though
While
Whereas
Although and even though work similarly to despite and in spite of. The difference is that although and even though are conjunctions, so they must be followed by a clause (a full sentence with a subject and a verb).
Let’s look at a paraphrasing example:
Despite the obvious benefits of nuclear power plants, the disadvantages of having one far outweigh its benefits.
We can change this sentence to:
Although there are obvious benefits to nuclear power plants, the disadvantages of having one far outweigh its benefits.
See how the meaning stays the same? We simply changed the preposition despite to the conjunction although.
Let’s try another example:
In spite of the time-saving benefits of modern ready-to-eat foods, the drawbacks are more serious than the advantages.
Even though there are time-saving benefits of modern ready-to-eat foods, the drawbacks are more serious than the advantages.
Both sentences express the same idea — one shows a contrast using a preposition (in spite of), and the other shows it using a conjunction (even though).
While and whereas are also subordinating conjunctions that show contrast between two clauses. They are often used to compare two facts or opinions that are opposite or very different.
Let’s see how we can paraphrase this paragraph using whereas:
Across the globe, the issue of whether or not the construction of nuclear power plants should be permitted is much debated. In contrast to the mainstream view that radioactive waste is dangerous and could pose a serious threat to the environment, I believe that nuclear power plants are safe and clean.
Here’s the paraphrased version using whereas:
Across the globe, the issue of whether or not the construction of nuclear power plants should be permitted is much debated. Whereas the mainstream view is that radioactive waste is dangerous and could pose a serious threat to the environment, I believe that nuclear power plants are safe and clean.
Another paraphrasing example:
In contrast to driving and taking the bus, which do not guarantee quick travel times, the subway always runs on a fixed schedule and avoids traffic.
The subway is the only form of transportation that runs on a fixed schedule and avoids traffic, whereas driving and the bus do not guarantee arrival times or a quick trip.
Here are a few more example sentences using while and whereas:
In the UK, the hottest month of the year is usually July, whereas in southern Europe, it is usually August.
The subway is the only form of transportation that runs on a fixed schedule and avoids traffic, whereas driving and the bus do not guarantee arrival times or a quick trip.
In short, while and whereas are great tools for comparing two complete ideas and showing contrast between them in a formal, academic way.
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