With academic passages, the question usually asks which example, such as a rock, a place, or a group of people, would most likely fit an idea the passage explains, as in Which of the following rocks would most likely exhibit the greatest diversity in the origins of its constituent materials? No sentence names the answer directly. You apply what the passage says, often from more than one paragraph, to each example.
To answer them correctly, find the clues that explain the situation, connect them, and choose the answer that all the clues support together.
Lesson Introduction
Phần 1
Context Inference questions ask you to understand a situation that the text never states in one place. The question often has no word you can scan for, but the answer is still supported by the text. You find several clues, often in different parts of the text, and put them together. The correct answer is the one those clues support as a group.
Strategy:
- Preview the Question. Read the question first so you know what situation you need to understand. Questions such as “Who most likely is…,” “What is most likely true about…,” “What will most likely happen…,” or “Which of the following would most likely…” ask you to work something out from the whole text.
- Find the Relevant Cues. Scan the whole text and mark the details that help explain that situation. A useful clue adds information you need, such as a reason, a plan, a problem, or a result. Do not mark a detail only because it repeats a word from the question.
- Connect the Cues. Read the clues together instead of treating each one as a separate answer. Ask what they have in common and what conclusion becomes clear when they are combined. The best conclusion should explain all or most of the clues, not just one convenient detail.
- Answer the Question. Compare each answer choice with the conclusion supported by the clues. Choose the answer that the clues support as a group. Reject a choice that is merely possible, depends on information the text never gives, or explains only one clue while ignoring the others.
Tip: One true detail is not enough. The best answer is the one several clues support together.
Daily Life example (Email):
Dear Mr. Lin,
Thank you for your message on Saturday about the keys sticking on your upright piano. I can come to your home this Thursday at about 11:00 A.M. to examine it. Tuning and minor adjustments are included in the $75 flat-rate visit, which is payable on the day by cash or check. If the action needs new parts, I will give you a separate written estimate before ordering anything, and parts usually arrive from my supplier within ten business days. Since you mentioned that the piano has not been tuned in four years, it may also need a second tuning about a month later, which I charge at $50.
Please clear the top of the piano and the area around it before I arrive. If Thursday does not suit you, reply by Wednesday at noon. My only other opening this week is Saturday at 9:00 A.M., which carries a $20 weekend charge.
Kind regards,
Sylvia Romero
Who most likely is Sylvia Romero?
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lightbulb_outline Strategy and Explanation
Detailed Explanation:
The email never says what Sylvia Romero's job is, so you have to connect the clues. She will come to Mr. Lin's home “to examine it,” and “Tuning and minor adjustments are included in the $75 flat-rate visit.” If the piano needs new parts, she will “give you a separate written estimate,” and she charges $50 for “a second tuning.” Together, these clues describe someone who examines, tunes, and repairs pianos for a fee.
- (B) is incorrect because the email is about “the keys sticking on your upright piano,” a problem to fix. A piano and a home visit suggest a teacher, but no lessons are mentioned.
- (C) is wrong because parts “usually arrive from my supplier.” She orders parts for the job; she does not sell them from a store.
- (D) is incorrect because she does the work and sets the prices herself: “I can come to your home this Thursday” and “which I charge at $50.”
Therefore, the correct answer is (A). Only a piano technician fits all of the clues together, not just one of them.
Academic Passage example:
Sedimentary Rock Formation
Sedimentary rocks provide important evidence about the geological processes that have shaped Earth's surface. They form when sediments accumulate in layers and gradually become consolidated into solid rock. These sediments may originate from the erosion of existing rocks, the precipitation of dissolved minerals, or the accumulation of biological remains. The characteristics of sedimentary rocks depend largely on the source of their materials and the conditions under which they were deposited. Geologists examine features such as particle size, mineral composition, and internal structure to determine how particular sedimentary formations developed. Such investigations can reveal environmental conditions that existed millions of years ago.
Clastic sedimentary rocks develop through the accumulation of fragments produced by the weathering and erosion of older rocks. These fragments may be transported considerable distances by rivers, wind, or glaciers before settling in a new location. During transportation, particles often become smaller and more rounded as they collide with one another. Once deposited, successive layers of sediment exert pressure on the material beneath them, while dissolved minerals may crystallize between individual grains and bind them together. Sandstone commonly forms through this process, particularly in environments where sand-sized particles accumulate, such as river channels, beaches, and deserts. The composition of sandstone can vary considerably depending on the geological characteristics of the regions through which its constituent sediments have traveled.
Not all sedimentary rocks develop through the accumulation of eroded fragments. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when minerals dissolved in water become concentrated and precipitate, often because of evaporation or changes in water chemistry. Rock salt, for example, can develop when saline water evaporates, leaving deposits of halite crystals. Organic sedimentary rocks, by contrast, originate primarily from material produced by living organisms. Coal forms when large quantities of plant remains accumulate in oxygen-poor environments and undergo prolonged burial and compression. Although these rocks may occur alongside clastic deposits, their formation involves fundamentally different processes and sources of material.
Which of the following rocks would most likely exhibit the greatest diversity in the origins of its constituent materials?
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lightbulb_outline Strategy and Explanation
Detailed Explanation:
No sentence compares the four rocks, so you need to connect clues from paragraph 2. The fragments of clastic rocks “may be transported considerable distances by rivers, wind, or glaciers before settling in a new location,” and “Sandstone commonly forms through this process.” The paragraph then says that “The composition of sandstone can vary considerably depending on the geological characteristics of the regions through which its constituent sediments have traveled.” Material collected from many regions on a long journey gives sandstone the most varied origins.
- (A) is incorrect because coal forms when “large quantities of plant remains accumulate in oxygen-poor environments.” Its material comes from one kind of source, living organisms.
- (B) is wrong because limestone is never named in the passage. Choosing it depends on outside knowledge, not on clues in the text.
- (D) is incorrect because rock salt forms “when saline water evaporates, leaving deposits of halite crystals.” It is one mineral that comes out of water.
The correct answer is (C) because only sandstone is linked to both clues: long travel and a composition that depends on the regions its sediments crossed.
Tips to Remember:
- Context Inference questions usually give you no keyword to scan for, so read the whole text with the question in mind.
- The clues you need can sit in different sentences or paragraphs.
- A detail that only repeats a word from the question is not a clue.
- Reject a choice that fits only one clue or that depends on outside knowledge.
- The best answer is the one all the clues support together.
Notice:
Free Tax-Return Help at Brookfield Public Library
From Saturday, February 7 through Saturday, April 11, trained volunteers will prepare any personal tax return at no charge for Brookfield residents of all ages.
Sessions run Saturdays from 10:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M. in Room 2.
Every volunteer has passed the state preparer examination.
Most visitors bring wage statements, pension forms, or student tuition forms.
Walk-ins get a 20-minute review; a full 60-minute preparation must be booked at 555-0188.
1. Who most likely prepares the returns?
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lightbulb_outline Strategy and Explanation
Solve it step by step:
- Preview the Question: “Who most likely” tells you to work out who the preparers are from what the notice says about them. No job title answers the question by itself.
- Find the Relevant Cues: The preparers are “trained volunteers,” returns are prepared “at no charge,” and “Every volunteer has passed the state preparer examination.”
- Connect the Cues: Volunteers who charge nothing are unpaid, and passing a state examination is a recognized qualification. Together, the clues describe unpaid helpers with a state qualification.
- Answer the Question: Compare each choice with that conclusion:
- (A) Room 2 is only where the sessions are held. The notice calls the preparers volunteers, not library staff.
- (B) “Student tuition forms” are papers that visitors bring, so students are among the people being helped, not the helpers.
- (C) Returns are prepared “at no charge,” so no fee, reduced or not, is involved.
Trap: A library event seems to be run by librarians, so A feels natural. The notice names the preparers as volunteers twice: “trained volunteers” and “Every volunteer.”
2. A resident who earns income from renting out a room asks whether a volunteer can prepare his return. What answer will he receive?
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lightbulb_outline Strategy and Explanation
Solve it step by step:
- Preview the Question: The question describes a new case, a resident with rental income, and asks what answer he will receive. The notice never mentions rental income, so you have to apply its rules to this case.
- Find the Relevant Cues: Volunteers “will prepare any personal tax return at no charge for Brookfield residents of all ages.” The notice also says “Most visitors bring wage statements, pension forms, or student tuition forms.”
- Connect the Cues: “Any personal tax return” sets no limit on the kind of return, and “Most visitors” only describes typical visitors. It is not a list of accepted forms. A return with rental income is still a personal return.
- Answer the Question: Compare each choice with that conclusion:
- (B) The list of forms tells you what most visitors bring. It does not limit which returns are accepted.
- (C) “Sessions run Saturdays from 10:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M.,” so there are no weekday sessions at all.
- (D) “Every volunteer has passed the state preparer examination” is a rule for the helpers, not for residents.
Trap: The list of forms looks like a list of what is accepted, so B seems safe. Read it together with the first sentence, which accepts any personal return.
Academic Passage:
Glacial Erratic Mysteries
Across many temperate landscapes, one can spot solitary boulders that appear completely out of place—granite blocks resting on limestone plains or quartzite perched atop clay soils. These rocks, known as glacial erratics, were carried and deposited by moving ice sheets, many during the last Ice Age. Because their mineral composition often differs sharply from local bedrock, erratics alert geologists that glaciers once flowed across the region. Before glaciers were understood, however, many naturalists believed the boulders had been swept into place by a great flood.
The size of erratics ranges from pebbles to immense monoliths weighing thousands of tons. By mapping where particular rock types came to rest, scientists reconstruct the direction in which ancient ice moved. The shape of a boulder also reveals how it traveled: stones dragged along the glacier's base become rounded and scratched, whereas those carried on the ice surface stay sharp-edged and unmarked. Moreover, measuring how long a boulder's surface has been exposed to cosmic rays shows when the ice melted away and left it behind.
Interest in these wandering stones is not purely academic. In the 19th century, European farmers used erratics as convenient boundary markers, unaware that the same boulders would later help refine climate models. Today, computer simulations of ice-sheet behavior are checked against the locations of erratics; when simulated ice paths fail to match actual boulder positions, model settings are adjusted. However, some erratics were later moved again by floods or by people, so their positions cannot always be trusted.
In a region whose bedrock is limestone, which of the following would geologists most likely identify as an erratic that traveled along the base of a glacier?
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lightbulb_outline Strategy and Explanation
Solve it step by step:
- Preview the Question: The question gives you a new case, a boulder on limestone bedrock, and asks which one would most likely be an erratic that traveled along the base of a glacier. Two things must be true: the stone is an erratic, and it traveled along the base.
- Find the Relevant Cues: Paragraph 1 says erratics stand out “Because their mineral composition often differs sharply from local bedrock.” Paragraph 2 says “stones dragged along the glacier's base become rounded and scratched, whereas those carried on the ice surface stay sharp-edged and unmarked.”
- Connect the Cues: The boulder must be a rock that differs from limestone (the first clue), and it must be rounded and scratched (the second clue). Only a boulder that meets both conditions fits.
- Answer the Question: Compare each choice with that conclusion:
- (A) Basalt differs from limestone, so this block could be an erratic. But angular and unmarked is the shape of stones “carried on the ice surface,” not along the base.
- (C) The rounded, scratched shape fits travel at the base, but limestone is the local bedrock, so nothing marks this boulder as an erratic.
- (D) This block is the local rock and has the surface shape, so it meets neither condition.
Trap: A and C each meet one condition, so each looks half right. Check every clue: a rock that differs from the bedrock (paragraph 1) and the rounded, scratched shape of travel at the base (paragraph 2).
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