Questions 14-19
Choose heading v because Section A gives two clear educational goals: "First, it is intended to show visitors how extraordinary coral reefs are" and "Second, it draws attention to the research and conservation work now being undertaken to protect reefs from global warming."
Associated Text:
First, it is intended to show visitors how extraordinary coral reefs are, since they are the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. Second, it draws attention to the research and conservation work now being undertaken to protect reefs from global warming, so that the public can see practical efforts to save them.
Choose heading ii because Section B describes cooperation between coral polyps and algae: "The algae receive protection there, while their photosynthesis supplies nutrients to the polyps."
Associated Text:
The algae receive protection there, while their photosynthesis supplies nutrients to the polyps.
Choose heading iv because Section C reports disagreement about the phrase "rainforests of the sea": "reefs are often called the rainforests of the sea, although some naturalists, among them David Attenborough, reject the comparison."
Associated Text:
Because of this richness, reefs are often called the rainforests of the sea, although some naturalists, among them David Attenborough, reject the comparison.
Choose heading vii because it gives the main idea of the paragraph. The supporting evidence is: "Large areas, including major parts of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, have already been lost, and researchers warn that more than 90 percent of reefs could disappear by 2050 unless greenhouse gas emissions and global heating are addressed rapidly.". This sentence shows what the paragraph is mainly about, rather than just mentioning a small detail.
Associated Text:
Large areas, including major parts of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, have already been lost, and researchers warn that more than 90 percent of reefs could disappear by 2050 unless greenhouse gas emissions and global heating are addressed rapidly.
Choose heading iii because it gives the main idea of the paragraph. The supporting evidence is: "When the oceans begin to deteriorate, he says, corals are among the first organisms to respond, and their present decline is a warning that the planet itself is in trouble.". This sentence shows what the paragraph is mainly about, rather than just mentioning a small detail.
Associated Text:
When the oceans begin to deteriorate, he says, corals are among the first organisms to respond, and their present decline is a warning that the planet itself is in trouble.
Choose heading vi because it gives the main idea of the paragraph. The supporting evidence is: "Pearce-Kelly argues that the key value of the project is public hope: if visitors can see progress in making coral more able to survive a warmer world, they may believe that action can still save the planet's reefs.". This sentence shows what the paragraph is mainly about, rather than just mentioning a small detail.
Associated Text:
Pearce-Kelly argues that the key value of the project is public hope: if visitors can see progress in making coral more able to survive a warmer world, they may believe that action can still save the planet's reefs.
Questions 20-21
Choose two letters A-E.
Which TWO of these causes of damage to coral reefs are mentioned by the writer of the text?
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "An increasing frequency of severe storms.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction. Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That evidence does not give Choice A as one of the two required statements.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "Taking excessive numbers of fish from the sea.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction. Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That evidence does not give Choice B as one of the two required statements.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "Pollution of seawater by waste." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO of these causes of damage to coral reefs are mentioned by the writer of the text?".
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "A rise in illness among marine species.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction. Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That evidence does not give Choice D as one of the two required statements.
(E) is correct. Choice E matches the question because "Changes to the normal movement of seawater." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO of these causes of damage to coral reefs are mentioned by the writer of the text?".
Associated Text:
Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "An increasing frequency of severe storms.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction. Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That evidence does not give Choice A as one of the two required statements.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "Taking excessive numbers of fish from the sea.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction. Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That evidence does not give Choice B as one of the two required statements.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "Pollution of seawater by waste." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO of these causes of damage to coral reefs are mentioned by the writer of the text?".
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "A rise in illness among marine species.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction. Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That evidence does not give Choice D as one of the two required statements.
(E) is correct. Choice E matches the question because "Changes to the normal movement of seawater." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO of these causes of damage to coral reefs are mentioned by the writer of the text?".
Associated Text:
Further threats include ocean acidification, rising sea levels, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and changes in ocean currents, while the climate crisis is also worsening habitat destruction.
Questions 22-23
Choose two letters A-E.
Which TWO of the following statements are true of the researchers at London Zoo?
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "They are hoping to increase how many coral types are bred in laboratories.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well. Another is to increase coral breeding rates.". That evidence does not give Choice A as one of the two required statements.
(B) is correct. Choice B matches the question because "They want to find corals able to tolerate altered sea conditions." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO of the following statements are true of the researchers at London Zoo?".
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "They are studying methods for making artificial reefs on which corals could grow.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well. Another is to increase coral breeding rates.". That evidence does not give Choice C as one of the two required statements.
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "They are testing methods to make some corals reproduce more quickly." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "Another is to increase coral breeding rates.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO of the following statements are true of the researchers at London Zoo?".
(E) is incorrect. Choice E says "They are examining materials that could shield reefs from warmer temperatures.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well. Another is to increase coral breeding rates.". That evidence does not give Choice E as one of the two required statements.
Associated Text:
One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "They are hoping to increase how many coral types are bred in laboratories.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well. Another is to increase coral breeding rates.". That evidence does not give Choice A as one of the two required statements.
(B) is correct. Choice B matches the question because "They want to find corals able to tolerate altered sea conditions." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO of the following statements are true of the researchers at London Zoo?".
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "They are studying methods for making artificial reefs on which corals could grow.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well. Another is to increase coral breeding rates.". That evidence does not give Choice C as one of the two required statements.
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "They are testing methods to make some corals reproduce more quickly." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "Another is to increase coral breeding rates.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO of the following statements are true of the researchers at London Zoo?".
(E) is incorrect. Choice E says "They are examining materials that could shield reefs from warmer temperatures.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "One goal is to identify species that tolerate warm, acidic waters particularly well. Another is to increase coral breeding rates.". That evidence does not give Choice E as one of the two required statements.
Associated Text:
Another is to increase coral breeding rates.
Questions 24-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer from the passage for each answer.
Use "Tentacles" because the passage says coral polyps use tentacles to catch tiny marine creatures.
Associated Text:
Second, it draws attention to the research and conservation work now being undertaken to protect reefs from global warming, so that the public can see practical efforts to save them.
Use "Protection" because the algae receive protection by living inside coral polyps.
Associated Text:
The algae receive protection there, while their photosynthesis supplies nutrients to the polyps.
Use "Colour" because bleaching events remove the colour from reefs as sea temperatures rise.
Associated Text:
As ocean temperatures rise, bleaching events remove the colour from reefs and can ultimately kill them.
