Questions 1-7
Look at the following
Descriptions (Questions 1-7) and
The list of statements below.
Match each description with the correct scientist
Write the correct number
A-H in boxes
Questions 1-7
on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
The list of statements
- John Dalton
- Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
- Louis-Joseph Proust
- Jacob Berzelius
- Humphry Davy
- Johann Dobereiner
- John Newlands
- Dmitri Mendeleev
The answer is G. John Newlands is associated with originating a system that is considered contrived. The text states, "In 1864 John Newlands, a Briton, almost got it. He published what he called the law of octaves. ... The trouble with Newlands’ scheme was that an awful lot of the rhymes were forced." This is found in the paragraph about Newlands. The use of "forced" implies that his system was considered unnatural or contrived.
Associated Text:
The trouble with Newlands’ scheme was that an awful lot of the rhymes were forced.
The answer is D. Jacob Berzelius used a contemporary innovation—Alessandro Volta’s recently invented battery—in his experiments. The relevant passage says, "He used Alessandro Volta’s recently invented battery, which created electricity from a chemical reaction, to do the reverse. He employed electricity to drive chemical reactions in solutions, a process called electrolysis." This is in the paragraph about Berzelius. This means he used new technology to assist his chemical discoveries.
Associated Text:
He used Alessandro Volta’s recently invented battery, which created electricity from a chemical reaction, to do the reverse. He employed electricity to drive chemical reactions in solutions , a process called electrolysis.
The answer is E. Humphry Davy took the earlier idea of electrolysis and adapted it to work more efficiently by using a more powerful battery to decompose molten materials rather than solutions. The text states, "Humphry Davy... picked up the idea of electrolysis and supercharged it. He employed a more powerful version of Volta’s battery to decompose molten materials, rather than solutions." This demonstrates Davy improved on an earlier concept.
Associated Text:
Back in England, Humphry Davy, inventor of the miner’s safety lamp, picked up the idea of electrolysis and supercharged it. He employed a more powerful version of Volta’s battery to decompose molten materials, rather than solutions.
The answer is B. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier’s work is believed by the author to still be relevant today. The passage mentions, "Lavoisier who published the first putatively comprehensive list of chemical elements—substances incapable of being broken down by chemical reactions into other substances." Shortly after, it states, "23—a fifth of the total now recognised—have stood the test of time." This demonstrates the writer's belief in the lasting relevance of Lavoisier's work.
Associated Text:
Lavoisier’s list of elements, published in 1789, had 33 entries. Of those, 23—a fifth of the total now recognised—have stood the test of time.
The answer is H. Dmitri Mendeleev correctly theorized that the blanks in his table represented elements that had not yet been discovered. According to the text, "Sometimes this method of arranging elements meant there were gaps in his horizontal rows or 'periods'. But instead of seeing this as a problem, Mendeleev thought it simply meant that the elements which belonged in the gaps had not yet been discovered." This is found in the paragraph about Mendeleev.
Associated Text:
Sometimes this method of arranging elements meant there were gaps in his horizontal rows or 'periods'. But instead of seeing this as a problem, Mendeleev thought it simply meant that the elements which belonged in the gaps had not yet been discovered.
The answer is A. John Dalton’s work led to the discovery of a fundamental order in elements. The passage states, "In the 19th century John Dalton took Proust’s concept and showed not only that elements reacted in fixed proportions by weight, but also that those proportions were ratios of small whole numbers... Thus was the atom born." Dalton’s work established a foundational order in chemistry related to atomic theory.
Associated Text:
In the 19th century John Dalton took Proust’s concept and showed not only that elements reacted in fixed proportions by weight, but also that those proportions were ratios of small whole numbers. The simplest way to explain this—and indeed the way that Dalton lit upon—was to suppose each element to be composed of tiny, indivisible particles, all of the same weight. The Greek word for indivisible is “atomos”. Thus was the atom born.
The answer is A. John Dalton is credited with conceiving the idea that each element was made up of tiny, inseparable pieces, or atoms. The passage states, "The simplest way to explain this—and indeed the way that Dalton lit upon—was to suppose each element to be composed of tiny, indivisible particles, all of the same weight. The Greek word for indivisible is 'atomos'. Thus was the atom born." This is conclusive for Dalton.
Associated Text:
The simplest way to explain this—and indeed the way that Dalton lit upon—was to suppose each element to be composed of tiny, indivisible particles, all of the same weight. The Greek word for indivisible is “atomos”. Thus was the atom born.
Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.
The answer is TRUE. The passage says, "for it was Lavoisier who published the first putatively comprehensive list of chemical elements…" This implies that no such comprehensive list existed before Lavoisier published his in 1789. Therefore, it is true that until 1789, there had not been a comprehensive list of elements.
Associated Text:
for it was Lavoisier who published the first putatively comprehensive list of chemical elements—substances incapable of being broken down by chemical reactions into other substances.
The answer is FALSE. The passage directly refutes this statement by saying: "Dalton based his system of relative atomic weights on hydrogen, the atoms of which he found to be the lightest." There is no mention that hydrogen was the basis because it was one of the first elements to be discovered. The basis was its lightness.
Associated Text:
Dalton based his system of relative atomic weights on hydrogen, the atoms of which he found to be the lightest.
The answer is FALSE. The text says, "He employed a more powerful version of Volta’s battery to decompose molten materials, rather than solutions." It specifies that Davy used a more powerful battery; there is no indication that he invented the batteries himself. He used an improved version.
Associated Text:
He employed a more powerful version of Volta’s battery to decompose molten materials, rather than solutions.
The answer is FALSE. The passage states, "Johann Dobereiner, a German discovered that if the members were arranged in order of atomic weight, the middle element... had a weight that was the average of the lightest and the heaviest of the three. Dobereiner called this the law of triads." It later says, "In 1864 John Newlands... published what he called the law of octaves... like a musical scale, every eighth element 'rhymed'." The comparison to a musical scale is made only for Newlands’ law, not Dobereiner’s.
Associated Text:
In 1829 Johann Dobereiner, a German discovered that if the members were arranged in order of atomic weight, the middle element (sodium, strontium, bromine, selenium) had a weight that was the average of the lightest and the heaviest of the three. Dobereiner called this the law of triads. It was the first hint of some underlying pattern.
In 1864 John Newlands, a Briton, almost got it. He published what he called the law of octaves. Arranging the known elements in order of atomic weight, he believed he had discerned that, like a musical scale, every eighth element “rhymed” in the ways that sodium rhymed with potassium, and chlorine with bromine.
The answer is NOT GIVEN. The passage mentions that Mendeleev predicted the properties of an element that would fit below aluminum and that this element, gallium, was later discovered. However, the passage does not state that aluminum led to the discovery of many other elements; it only refers to a single prediction. Therefore, the statement is not given in the text.
Associated Text:
For example, he predicted the properties of an undiscovered element that should fit below aluminum in his table. When this element, called gallium, was discovered in 1875 its properties were found to be close to Mendeleev's predictions.
The answer is TRUE. The passage explains, "Modern day periodic tables are expanded beyond Mendeleev's initial 63 elements. ... Although we have retained the format of rows and columns, which reflects a natural order, the rows of today's tables show elements in the order of Mendeleev's columns. In other words the elements of what we now call a 'period' were listed vertically by Mendeleev. Chemical 'groups' are now shown vertically in contrast to their horizontal format in Mendeleev's table." This shows that the modern periodic table differs from the original one in its arrangement of periods and groups.
Associated Text:
Modern day periodic tables are expanded beyond Mendeleev's initial 63 elements. Most of the current periodic tables include 108 or 109 elements. It is also important to notice how the modern periodic table is arranged. Although we have retained the format of rows and columns, which reflects a natural order, the rows of today's tables show elements in the order of Mendeleev's columns. In other words the elements of what we now call a 'period' were listed vertically by Mendeleev. Chemical 'groups' are now shown vertically in contrast to their horizontal format in Mendeleev's table.
