Questions 27-31
Complete each sentence with the correct ending
A-F from the box below.
Write the correct letter
A-F in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
- may be provided through methods used in biological research.
- are the reason for their survival.
- show considerable global variation.
- contain animals which transform to become humans.
- were originally spoken rather than written.
- have been developed without factual basis.
Choose C because it completes the sentence with the meaning given in the passage. The supporting evidence is: "People in every culture tell fairy tales, but the same basic narrative often appears in sharply different forms across the world.". The ending fits both the grammar of the question and the idea expressed in the passage.
Associated Text:
People in every culture tell fairy tales, but the same basic narrative often appears in sharply different forms across the world.
Choose B because it completes the sentence with the meaning given in the passage. The supporting evidence is: "Tehrani argues that the long survival of fairy tales cannot be explained simply by practical lessons for life.". The ending fits both the grammar of the question and the idea expressed in the passage.
Associated Text:
Tehrani argues that the long survival of fairy tales cannot be explained simply by practical lessons for life.
Choose F because it completes the sentence with the meaning given in the passage. The supporting evidence is: "Scholars had proposed explanations for the role of fairy tales in society, although many of these ideas had not been properly tested.". The ending fits both the grammar of the question and the idea expressed in the passage.
Associated Text:
Scholars had proposed explanations for the role of fairy tales in society, although many of these ideas had not been properly tested.
Choose A because it completes the sentence with the meaning given in the passage. The supporting evidence is: "By borrowing phylogenetic analysis from evolutionary biology, Tehrani compared related tales to trace how they developed and which features endured.". The ending fits both the grammar of the question and the idea expressed in the passage.
Associated Text:
By borrowing phylogenetic analysis from evolutionary biology, Tehrani compared related tales to trace how they developed and which features endured.
Choose E because it completes the sentence with the meaning given in the passage. The supporting evidence is: "The 58 stories in his study were taken from oral traditions in Africa, East Asia and other regions.". The ending fits both the grammar of the question and the idea expressed in the passage.
Associated Text:
The 58 stories in his study were taken from oral traditions in Africa, East Asia and other regions.
Questions 32-36
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
- ending
- events
- warning
- links
- records
- variations
- horror
- people
- plot
The answer is D because the passage states: his first task was to establish whether links existed among the 58 stories gathered from oral traditions around the world.
Associated Text:
Using phylogenetic methods, his first task was to establish whether links existed among the 58 stories gathered from oral traditions around the world.
The answer is F because the passage states: He then examined which story elements showed the fewest variations, assuming that the most stable parts were probably the most important.
Associated Text:
He then examined which story elements showed the fewest variations, assuming that the most stable parts were probably the most important.
The answer is B because the passage states: He found that some events changed over time just as readily as characters did.
Associated Text:
He found that some events changed over time just as readily as characters did.
The answer is C because the passage states: elements that seemed to offer a warning about dangers in the environment were no more stable than minor details.
Associated Text:
However, in Tehrani's analysis, elements that seemed to offer a warning about dangers in the environment were no more stable than minor details.
The answer is G because the passage states: Fear, especially the blood-thirsty and gruesome horror of the tale, proved to be the element most likely to survive.
Associated Text:
Fear, especially the blood-thirsty and gruesome horror of the tale, proved to be the element most likely to survive.
Questions 37-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40
on your answer sheet.
37. What method did Jamie Tehrani use to test his ideas about fairy tales?
38. When discussing Tehrani's views, Jack Zipes suggests that
39. Why does Tehrani refer to Chinese and Japanese fairy tales?
40. What does Mathias Clasen believe about fairy tales?
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "He compared spoken and written forms of the same stories.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Tehrani examined many versions of the same basic tale, including Little Red Riding Hood, The Wolf and the Kids and related stories from several continents.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is correct. Choice B matches the question because "He examined many different forms of the same basic story." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Tehrani examined many versions of the same basic tale, including Little Red Riding Hood, The Wolf and the Kids and related stories from several continents.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "He examined unrelated stories from many different countries.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Tehrani examined many versions of the same basic tale, including Little Red Riding Hood, The Wolf and the Kids and related stories from several continents.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "He compared the development of fairy tales with that of living creatures.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Tehrani examined many versions of the same basic tale, including Little Red Riding Hood, The Wolf and the Kids and related stories from several continents.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
Tehrani examined many versions of the same basic tale, including Little Red Riding Hood, The Wolf and the Kids and related stories from several continents.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "Tehrani overlooks key changes in the role of women.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Even gruesome details, Zipes argues, will not remain in a tradition unless they matter.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "stories which are too frightening are not always taken seriously.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Even gruesome details, Zipes argues, will not remain in a tradition unless they matter.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "Tehrani gives too much importance to violence in stories.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Even gruesome details, Zipes argues, will not remain in a tradition unless they matter.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "features of stories only endure if they have a deeper significance." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Even gruesome details, Zipes argues, will not remain in a tradition unless they matter.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
Associated Text:
Even gruesome details, Zipes argues, will not remain in a tradition unless they matter.
(A) is correct. Choice A matches the question because "to show that Jack Zipes' theory is incorrect" is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Tehrani replies that this pattern is not universal: in Chinese and Japanese versions the villain is often female, while in Iran and Nigeria the victim is a boy.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "to suggest that crime is a worldwide problem", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Tehrani replies that this pattern is not universal: in Chinese and Japanese versions the villain is often female, while in Iran and Nigeria the victim is a boy.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "to imply that all fairy tales carry a similar meaning", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Tehrani replies that this pattern is not universal: in Chinese and Japanese versions the villain is often female, while in Iran and Nigeria the victim is a boy.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "to provide more evidence for Jack Zipes' ideas", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Tehrani replies that this pattern is not universal: in Chinese and Japanese versions the villain is often female, while in Iran and Nigeria the victim is a boy.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
Tehrani replies that this pattern is not universal: in Chinese and Japanese versions the villain is often female, while in Iran and Nigeria the victim is a boy.
(A) is correct. Choice A matches the question because "They are a safe means of learning to deal with fear." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Scary stories, Clasen suggests, let people practise the feeling of fear without facing actual danger, building resistance to negative emotions.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "They are a form of entertainment that some people avoid.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Scary stories, Clasen suggests, let people practise the feeling of fear without facing actual danger, building resistance to negative emotions.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "They mirror the changing values of our society.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Scary stories, Clasen suggests, let people practise the feeling of fear without facing actual danger, building resistance to negative emotions.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "They weaken our ability to deal with real-world problems.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Scary stories, Clasen suggests, let people practise the feeling of fear without facing actual danger, building resistance to negative emotions.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
Scary stories, Clasen suggests, let people practise the feeling of fear without facing actual danger, building resistance to negative emotions.
