Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "It offers a highly original explanation for urban development.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The book combines geology, history, economics and substantial data to explain why business districts formed in particular places and how early choices made by workers and firms helped shape the skyline visible today.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "Parts of Barr's research papers are incorporated throughout the book.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The book combines geology, history, economics and substantial data to explain why business districts formed in particular places and how early choices made by workers and firms helped shape the skyline visible today.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "Other books available on the subject have taken a different approach.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The book combines geology, history, economics and substantial data to explain why business districts formed in particular places and how early choices made by workers and firms helped shape the skyline visible today.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "It covers several factors that affected the development of New York." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "The book combines geology, history, economics and substantial data to explain why business districts formed in particular places and how early choices made by workers and firms helped shape the skyline visible today.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
Associated Text:
The book combines geology, history, economics and substantial data to explain why business districts formed in particular places and how early choices made by workers and firms helped shape the skyline visible today.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "She explains the reasons for Barr's interest.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "At first sight, it is not clear why slum clearance would be a barrier if more expensive foundations were not.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is correct. Choice B matches the question because "She points to a potential problem with Barr's analysis." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "At first sight, it is not clear why slum clearance would be a barrier if more expensive foundations were not.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "She compares Barr's conclusion with that of other writers.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "At first sight, it is not clear why slum clearance would be a barrier if more expensive foundations were not.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "She gives details about the sources Barr used for his research.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "At first sight, it is not clear why slum clearance would be a barrier if more expensive foundations were not.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
At first sight, it is not clear why slum clearance would be a barrier if more expensive foundations were not.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "It includes conflicting data.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Although this version is less technical than the research paper behind it, it is probably more technical than most general readers would prefer.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "It concentrates too much on possible trends.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Although this version is less technical than the research paper behind it, it is probably more technical than most general readers would prefer.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "It is too technical for most readers." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Although this version is less technical than the research paper behind it, it is probably more technical than most general readers would prefer.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "It uses research that is out of date.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Although this version is less technical than the research paper behind it, it is probably more technical than most general readers would prefer.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
Although this version is less technical than the research paper behind it, it is probably more technical than most general readers would prefer.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "The information should have been arranged differently.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Chapter eight includes lengthy discussions of urban economic theory, which may distract readers chiefly interested in New York, though the material would suit undergraduates studying urban economics.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "More details are needed about the way construction was financed.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Chapter eight includes lengthy discussions of urban economic theory, which may distract readers chiefly interested in New York, though the material would suit undergraduates studying urban economics.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "The explanation given for the building boom is improbable.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Chapter eight includes lengthy discussions of urban economic theory, which may distract readers chiefly interested in New York, though the material would suit undergraduates studying urban economics.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "Some sections will have limited appeal to certain people." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Chapter eight includes lengthy discussions of urban economic theory, which may distract readers chiefly interested in New York, though the material would suit undergraduates studying urban economics.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
Associated Text:
Chapter eight includes lengthy discussions of urban economic theory, which may distract readers chiefly interested in New York, though the material would suit undergraduates studying urban economics.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "the long time period that is covered", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The data work behind these estimates is especially impressive.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "the interesting questions that Barr raises", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The data work behind these estimates is especially impressive.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "the type of research into the topic" is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "The data work behind these estimates is especially impressive.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "the suggestions Barr makes for the future", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The data work behind these estimates is especially impressive.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
The data work behind these estimates is especially impressive.
Questions 32-35
Choose YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer,
choose NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer,
or choose NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
The answer is NO because the statement contradicts the passage. The key evidence is: "Barr opens the first chapter by taking readers on a "helicopter time-machine" ride, offering a fascinating account of how New York's landscape may have looked from above in 1609.". This evidence gives a different meaning from the question statement, so the statement is not correct.
Associated Text:
Barr opens the first chapter by taking readers on a "helicopter time-machine" ride, offering a fascinating account of how New York's landscape may have looked from above in 1609.
The answer is YES because the statement agrees with the passage. The key evidence is: "Both chapters are informative, carefully researched and set the stage for the economic analysis that follows.". This evidence says the same thing as the question statement, so the statement is supported.
Associated Text:
Both chapters are informative, carefully researched and set the stage for the economic analysis that follows.
The answer is NOT GIVEN because the passage does not state whether the immigrant neighbourhoods lacked amenities. The closest relevant evidence is: "Barr identifies four main immigrant enclaves and studies their locations in relation to nearby amenities.". This mentions amenities but does not describe a lack of them as the neighbourhoods' main problem.
Associated Text:
Barr identifies four main immigrant enclaves and studies their locations in relation to nearby amenities.
The answer is NO because the statement contradicts the passage. The key evidence is: "Most of these enclaves stood on the least valuable land, between the waterfront industries and the wealthy neighbourhoods bordering Central Park.". This evidence gives a different meaning from the question statement, so the statement is not correct.
Associated Text:
Most of these enclaves stood on the least valuable land, between the waterfront industries and the wealthy neighbourhoods bordering Central Park.
Questions 36-40
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Use H because the passage says the myth does not explain skyscraper absence in specific areas. The supporting sentence says: "Barr argues that the lack of bedrock near the surface does not explain the absence of skyscrapers in specific areas between Downtown and Midtown."
Associated Text:
Barr argues that the lack of bedrock near the surface does not explain the absence of skyscrapers in specific areas between Downtown and Midtown.
Use D because the passage says deeper foundations were not an excessive expense. The supporting sentence says: "Although deeper bedrock raises foundation costs, Barr says this was not an excessive expense when compared with total expenditure on a skyscraper."
Associated Text:
Although deeper bedrock raises foundation costs, Barr says this was not an excessive expense when compared with total expenditure on a skyscraper.
Use I because the comparison is with total expenditure. The supporting sentence says: "Although deeper bedrock raises foundation costs, Barr says this was not an excessive expense when compared with total expenditure on a skyscraper."
Associated Text:
Although deeper bedrock raises foundation costs, Barr says this was not an excessive expense when compared with total expenditure on a skyscraper.
Use B because the passage says caissons make deep excavations possible. The supporting sentence says: "He explains that caissons allow workers to carry out deep excavations, often below the water table, until they reach bedrock, and he also discusses the associated risks."
Associated Text:
He explains that caissons allow workers to carry out deep excavations, often below the water table, until they reach bedrock, and he also discusses the associated risks.
Use F because the passage says Barr discusses the risks linked with those excavations. The supporting sentence says: "He explains that caissons allow workers to carry out deep excavations, often below the water table, until they reach bedrock, and he also discusses the associated risks."
Associated Text:
He explains that caissons allow workers to carry out deep excavations, often below the water table, until they reach bedrock, and he also discusses the associated risks.
