Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-30
on your answer sheet.
27. What is the writer doing in the first paragraph?
28. What point is made about Richard Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene?
29. What does the writer suggest about the prehistoric era in the fourth paragraph?
30. The writer refers to Bruce Knauft's work as support for the idea that
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "presenting two opposing views about human nature", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The Unselfish GeneA psychologist explains his view of how human beings came to appear so self-centred. It has often been assumed that people are basically selfish.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "defending his opinion about our tendency to be greedy", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The Unselfish GeneA psychologist explains his view of how human beings came to appear so self-centred. It has often been assumed that people are basically selfish.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "describing a widely held belief about people's behaviour" is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "The Unselfish GeneA psychologist explains his view of how human beings came to appear so self-centred. It has often been assumed that people are basically selfish.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "explaining why he believes that humans act in a selfish manner", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The Unselfish GeneA psychologist explains his view of how human beings came to appear so self-centred. It has often been assumed that people are basically selfish.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
The Unselfish GeneA psychologist explains his view of how human beings came to appear so self-centred. It has often been assumed that people are basically selfish.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "Its appeal was in the radical nature of its ideas.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "His 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with and helped to justify the competitive and individualistic ethos that dominated many late twentieth-century societies.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "Its success resulted from the scientific support it offered.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "His 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with and helped to justify the competitive and individualistic ethos that dominated many late twentieth-century societies.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "It presented a view that matched the attitudes of its time." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "His 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with and helped to justify the competitive and individualistic ethos that dominated many late twentieth-century societies.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "It used an innovative approach to the analysis of human psychology.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "His 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with and helped to justify the competitive and individualistic ethos that dominated many late twentieth-century societies.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
His 1976 book The Selfish Gene became popular because it fitted so well with and helped to justify the competitive and individualistic ethos that dominated many late twentieth-century societies.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "Societies were more complicated than many people believe.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups needed to compete for resources, develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or go to war.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is correct. Choice B matches the question because "Supplies of natural resources were probably fairly plentiful." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups needed to compete for resources, develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or go to war.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "Most estimates about population sizes are probably inaccurate.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups needed to compete for resources, develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or go to war.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "Humans moved between continents more than was previously thought.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups needed to compete for resources, develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or go to war.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
With such small population densities, it seems unlikely that prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups needed to compete for resources, develop ruthlessness and competitiveness, or go to war.
(A) is correct. Choice A matches the question because "selfishness is a fairly recent development in human societies." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "The anthropologist Bruce Knauft has observed that hunter-gatherers are characterised by extreme political and sexual egalitarianism.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "only people in isolated communities can live unselfishly.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The anthropologist Bruce Knauft has observed that hunter-gatherers are characterised by extreme political and sexual egalitarianism.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "very few lifestyles have remained unchanged since prehistoric times.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The anthropologist Bruce Knauft has observed that hunter-gatherers are characterised by extreme political and sexual egalitarianism.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "hunter-gatherer cultures around the world are declining in number.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "The anthropologist Bruce Knauft has observed that hunter-gatherers are characterised by extreme political and sexual egalitarianism.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
The anthropologist Bruce Knauft has observed that hunter-gatherers are characterised by extreme political and sexual egalitarianism.
Questions 31-35
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in 31-35 on your answer sheet.
Use "Egalitarianism" because the passage uses this exact word for hunter-gatherer social organisation. The supporting sentence says: "hunter-gatherers are characterised by extreme political and sexual egalitarianism."
Associated Text:
The anthropologist Bruce Knauft has observed that hunter-gatherers are characterised by extreme political and sexual egalitarianism.
Use "Status" because the passage says these groups prevent differences in status. The supporting sentence says: "preventing differences in status from emerging."
Associated Text:
They also have ways of preserving egalitarianism by preventing differences in status from emerging.
Use "Hunting" because the !Kung custom concerns success at hunting. The supporting sentence says: "Before hunting, they exchange arrows."
Associated Text:
Before hunting, they exchange arrows, and when an animal is killed, praise is given not to the person who shot the arrow but to the person who owns it.
Use "Domineering" because the passage says domineering people are excluded. The supporting sentence says: "If someone becomes too domineering, the rest of the group ostracise that person."
Associated Text:
If someone becomes too domineering, the rest of the group ostracise that person and exclude the offender from society.
Use "Autonomy" because the passage says women have autonomy in work and marriage choices. The supporting sentence says: "Women in hunter-gatherer communities around the world often enjoy a high level of autonomy."
Associated Text:
Women in hunter-gatherer communities around the world often enjoy a high level of autonomy: they can choose their marriage partners, decide what work they do and work when they wish.
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
The answer is Not given because the passage does not give enough information to confirm the statement. The closest relevant evidence is: "Many anthropologists argue that societies like the !Kung were the usual form of human life until only a few thousand years ago, when population growth encouraged agriculture and settled living.". This may discuss a related idea, but it does not prove the statement in the question.
Associated Text:
Many anthropologists argue that societies like the !Kung were the usual form of human life until only a few thousand years ago, when population growth encouraged agriculture and settled living.
The answer is No because the statement contradicts the passage. The key evidence is: "Given this evidence, there is little reason to believe that evolution would have selected traits such as racism, warfare and male domination, because they would have offered little benefit in prehistory.". This evidence gives a different meaning from the question statement, so the statement is not correct.
Associated Text:
Given this evidence, there is little reason to believe that evolution would have selected traits such as racism, warfare and male domination, because they would have offered little benefit in prehistory.
The answer is Yes because the statement agrees with the passage. The key evidence is: "People who behaved selfishly and ruthlessly would have been less likely to survive, since their groups would have ostracised them.". This evidence says the same thing as the question statement, so the statement is supported.
Associated Text:
People who behaved selfishly and ruthlessly would have been less likely to survive, since their groups would have ostracised them.
The answer is Not given because the passage does not give enough information to confirm the statement. The closest relevant evidence is: "These negative traits may be later developments caused by environmental and psychological factors.". This may discuss a related idea, but it does not prove the statement in the question.
Associated Text:
These negative traits may be later developments caused by environmental and psychological factors.
The answer is No because the statement contradicts the passage. The key evidence is: "Research has repeatedly shown that when the natural habitats of primates such as apes and gorillas are disrupted, they tend to become more violent and hierarchical. The same process may have affected humans.". This evidence gives a different meaning from the question statement, so the statement is not correct.
Associated Text:
Research has repeatedly shown that when the natural habitats of primates such as apes and gorillas are disrupted, they tend to become more violent and hierarchical. The same process may have affected humans.
