Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-31
on your answer sheet.
27. The purpose of the first paragraph is to
28. What are the writers doing in the second
29. In the third paragraph, what do the writers suggest about Darwin and Einstein?
30. John Nicholson is an example of a person whose idea
31. What is the key point of interest about the 'acey-deucy' stirrup placement?
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "support particular ideas.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Scientific discovery is often imagined as the product of the sheer genius of figures such as Charles Darwin, the naturalist, or Albert Einstein, the theoretical physicist.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "compare certain viewpoints.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Scientific discovery is often imagined as the product of the sheer genius of figures such as Charles Darwin, the naturalist, or Albert Einstein, the theoretical physicist.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "reject a widely held view.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Scientific discovery is often imagined as the product of the sheer genius of figures such as Charles Darwin, the naturalist, or Albert Einstein, the theoretical physicist.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "set out a common assumption." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Scientific discovery is often imagined as the product of the sheer genius of figures such as Charles Darwin, the naturalist, or Albert Einstein, the theoretical physicist.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
Associated Text:
Scientific discovery is often imagined as the product of the sheer genius of figures such as Charles Darwin, the naturalist, or Albert Einstein, the theoretical physicist.
(A) is correct. Choice A matches the question because "challenging an opinion" is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "There is a small amount of truth in that picture, but we think it greatly distorts the actual character of scientific discovery, as well as creativity and innovation in many other areas of human activity.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "defending a standpoint", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "There is a small amount of truth in that picture, but we think it greatly distorts the actual character of scientific discovery, as well as creativity and innovation in many other areas of human activity.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "describing an approach", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "There is a small amount of truth in that picture, but we think it greatly distorts the actual character of scientific discovery, as well as creativity and innovation in many other areas of human activity.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "backing an argument", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "There is a small amount of truth in that picture, but we think it greatly distorts the actual character of scientific discovery, as well as creativity and innovation in many other areas of human activity.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
There is a small amount of truth in that picture, but we think it greatly distorts the actual character of scientific discovery, as well as creativity and innovation in many other areas of human activity.
(A) is correct. Choice A matches the question because "They are an exception to a general rule." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Setting aside exceptional figures such as Darwin and Einstein, whose achievements deserve to be celebrated, we argue that innovation more often develops through trial and error.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "Their method of working has been misunderstood.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Setting aside exceptional figures such as Darwin and Einstein, whose achievements deserve to be celebrated, we argue that innovation more often develops through trial and error.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "They are an ideal which others should aim for.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Setting aside exceptional figures such as Darwin and Einstein, whose achievements deserve to be celebrated, we argue that innovation more often develops through trial and error.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "Their achievements deserve more recognition.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Setting aside exceptional figures such as Darwin and Einstein, whose achievements deserve to be celebrated, we argue that innovation more often develops through trial and error.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
Setting aside exceptional figures such as Darwin and Einstein, whose achievements deserve to be celebrated, we argue that innovation more often develops through trial and error.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "created his reputation as an influential scientist.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Niels Bohr, later a Nobel prize winner and a founder of modern atomic theory, used this promising insight as a starting point for his famous model of the atom.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "was only fully understood later in history.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Niels Bohr, later a Nobel prize winner and a founder of modern atomic theory, used this promising insight as a starting point for his famous model of the atom.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "provided the foundation for someone else's breakthrough." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Niels Bohr, later a Nobel prize winner and a founder of modern atomic theory, used this promising insight as a starting point for his famous model of the atom.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "initially faced scepticism from the scientific community.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Niels Bohr, later a Nobel prize winner and a founder of modern atomic theory, used this promising insight as a starting point for his famous model of the atom.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
Niels Bohr, later a Nobel prize winner and a founder of modern atomic theory, used this promising insight as a starting point for his famous model of the atom.
(A) is correct. Choice A matches the question because "the simple cause of its invention" is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "He changed the stirrup because a leg injury stopped him from bending his left knee fully.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "the enthusiasm with which it was taken up", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "He changed the stirrup because a leg injury stopped him from bending his left knee fully.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "the research involved in its development", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "He changed the stirrup because a leg injury stopped him from bending his left knee fully.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "the cleverness of the person who first adopted it", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "He changed the stirrup because a leg injury stopped him from bending his left knee fully.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
He changed the stirrup because a leg injury stopped him from bending his left knee fully.
Questions 32-36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
The answer is NO because the statement contradicts the passage. The key evidence is: "Such terms label achievement rather than explain the evolution of human innovations.". This evidence gives a different meaning from the question statement, so the statement is not correct.
Associated Text:
Such terms label achievement rather than explain the evolution of human innovations.
The answer is NOT GIVEN because the passage does not give enough information to confirm the statement. The closest relevant evidence is: "There is a small amount of truth in that picture, but we think it greatly distorts the actual character of scientific discovery, as well as creativity and innovation in many other areas of human activity.". This may discuss a related idea, but it does not prove the statement in the question.
Associated Text:
There is a small amount of truth in that picture, but we think it greatly distorts the actual character of scientific discovery, as well as creativity and innovation in many other areas of human activity.
The answer is YES because the statement agrees with the passage. The key evidence is: "Like Darwin's Law of Natural Selection, the Law of Effect operates through a mechanical process of variation and selection, with no final goals in view.". This evidence says the same thing as the question statement, so the statement is supported.
Associated Text:
Like Darwin's Law of Natural Selection, the Law of Effect operates through a mechanical process of variation and selection, with no final goals in view.
The answer is NO because the statement contradicts the passage. The key evidence is: "In particular, the source of the raw material on which the Law of Effect works is not as clearly understood as the genetic mutations on which the Law of Natural Selection works.". This evidence gives a different meaning from the question statement, so the statement is not correct.
Associated Text:
In particular, the source of the raw material on which the Law of Effect works is not as clearly understood as the genetic mutations on which the Law of Natural Selection works.
The answer is NOT GIVEN because the passage does not give enough information to confirm the statement. The closest relevant evidence is: "The time is right to move beyond naive ideas of intelligent design and genius and to investigate scientifically the true origins of creative behaviour.". This may discuss a related idea, but it does not prove the statement in the question.
Associated Text:
The time is right to move beyond naive ideas of intelligent design and genius and to investigate scientifically the true origins of creative behaviour.
Questions 37-40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below.
- invention
- goals
- compromise
- mistakes
- luck
- inspiration
- experiments
Use F because the summary refers to sudden inspiration. The supporting sentence says: "Conventional thinking also gives special importance to sudden inspiration in producing major scientific breakthroughs, as though useful ideas appear in the mind fully formed."
Associated Text:
Conventional thinking also gives special importance to sudden inspiration in producing major scientific breakthroughs, as though useful ideas appear in the mind fully formed.
Use D because Nicholson's useful contribution came from mistakes about proto-elements. The supporting sentence says: "These successes are striking because Nicholson was mistaken: proto-elements do not exist."
Associated Text:
These successes are striking because Nicholson was mistaken: proto-elements do not exist.
Use E because the Post-It note example is linked with luck. The supporting sentence says: "Many other examples show that advances may arise from error, misadventure and luck, or from a happy accident."
Associated Text:
Many other examples show that advances may arise from error, misadventure and luck, or from a happy accident.
Use B because the Law of Effect and natural selection are described as having no final goals. The supporting sentence says: "Like Darwin's Law of Natural Selection, the Law of Effect operates through a mechanical process of variation and selection, with no final goals in view."
Associated Text:
Like Darwin's Law of Natural Selection, the Law of Effect operates through a mechanical process of variation and selection, with no final goals in view.
