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TOEFL Reading के 10 प्रश्न प्रकार और उनके सैंपल प्रश्न

TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार: सैंपल प्रश्नों और उत्तरों के साथ सभी 10 प्रकार

लेखक: , अपडेट:

मौजूदा टेस्ट में दस TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार हैं। इस पेज पर आपको हर प्रकार का एक सैंपल प्रश्न, उसका उत्तर और उस उत्तर का कारण मिलेगा, ताकि आप टेस्ट के दिन से पहले हर प्रकार को पहचान सकें।

ये प्रकार TOEFL Reading टेस्ट के तीन task types के अंदर आते हैं: Complete the Words, Read in Daily Life और Read an Academic Passage। Read in Daily Life टेक्स्ट में ज़्यादातर Detail, Gist Purpose और Inference प्रश्न आते हैं। Academic passages में सभी दस प्रकार आते हैं।

विषय सूची

  1. TOEFL Reading में कितने प्रश्न प्रकार हैं?
  2. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 1: Detail
  3. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 2: Gist Purpose
  4. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 3: Rhetorical Purpose
  5. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 4: Vocabulary
  6. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 5: Negative Factual Information
  7. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 6: Inference
  8. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 7: Organization
  9. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 8: Select in Passage
  10. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 9: Insert a Sentence
  11. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 10: Complete the Words
  12. How the TOEFL Reading AI Tutor Adapts to Your Results
  13. TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकारों का अभ्यास कैसे करें

TOEFL Reading में कितने प्रश्न प्रकार हैं?

TOEFL Reading में दस प्रश्न प्रकार हैं। इनमें से नौ प्रकार Read in Daily Life टेक्स्ट या academic passage पर आते हैं, और ये बहुविकल्पी (multiple-choice) प्रश्न हैं या पैसेज में क्लिक करने वाले प्रश्न हैं। दसवाँ प्रकार, Complete the Words, अपना अलग टेक्स्ट है जिसमें आप खाली जगहें भरते हैं। नीचे की तालिका दिखाती है कि हमारे शिक्षार्थी अभ्यास में हर प्रकार के कितने प्रश्न सही करते हैं, सबसे कठिन से सबसे आसान तक।

प्रश्न प्रकारअभ्यास में सही
Select in Passage46.9%
Insert a Sentence47.6%
Rhetorical Purpose55.8%
Negative Factual Information57.7%
Inference60.6%
Vocabulary62.4%
Organization63.1%
Complete the Words (हर खाली जगह)65.3%
Detail74.7%
Gist Purpose82.0%

हमारे शिक्षार्थियों के लिए सबसे कठिन चार प्रकार ये हैं: Select in Passage, Insert a Sentence, Rhetorical Purpose और Negative Factual Information। Select in Passage में उत्तर के अक्षर नहीं होते और आपको एक वाक्य पर क्लिक करना होता है; Insert a Sentence में उत्तर के अक्षर नहीं होते और आपको एक वाक्य सही जगह रखना होता है; Rhetorical Purpose पूछता है कि लेखक ने कोई बात क्यों शामिल की; Negative Factual Information वह एक विकल्प पूछता है जो पैसेज में नहीं है। सबसे आसान दो प्रकार Gist Purpose (82.0%) और Detail (74.7% सही) हैं, और दोनों Read in Daily Life टेक्स्ट में आते हैं। जनवरी 2026 में पैसेज छोटे होने पर कुछ प्रकार आसान भी हो गए। सबसे बड़ा बदलाव Inference में हुआ, जिसकी सही दर 47.4% से बढ़कर 71.7% हो गई। आप हमारी reading गाइड पर पुराने और नए TOEFL reading प्रश्नों की तुलना देख सकते हैं।

TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 1: Detail

TOEFL Reading का Detail प्रश्न एक ऐसा तथ्य पूछता है जो पैसेज में साफ़ लिखा है। आप वह वाक्य ढूँढते हैं जिसमें यह तथ्य है, और वह उत्तर चुनते हैं जो यही बात दूसरे शब्दों में कहता है। Read in Daily Life टेक्स्ट और academic passages, दोनों में Detail सबसे आम प्रश्न प्रकार है। हमारे शिक्षार्थी अभ्यास में 74.7% Detail प्रश्न सही करते हैं; 8 प्रकार इससे कठिन हैं और 1 आसान। इसलिए यह अंक पाने की अच्छी जगहों में से एक है।

Detail प्रश्न
[1] Passive cooling architecture reduces indoor heat by relying on building design rather than heavy mechanical cooling. Features such as thick walls, shaded courtyards, and carefully placed openings can slow heat gain during the day. In some climates, these strategies make buildings more comfortable while lowering energy use.

[2] One widely used approach is to guide moving air through interior spaces. Ventilation towers, shaded passages, and high ceilings can direct breezes where they are most useful. Designers must also carefully channel air movement so that warm air leaves and cooler air enters at the right points.

[3] Although passive cooling depends on local climate and thoughtful planning, it is likely to become more important as cities search for lower-energy building strategies. For this reason, architects, engineers, and material specialists often work together when adapting traditional cooling ideas to modern construction.
Why are shaded courtyards and thick walls useful in passive cooling design?
  1. They help reduce indoor heat gain during the day.
  2. They eliminate the need for ventilation openings.
  3. They increase the amount of sunlight indoors at noon.
  4. They are useful only in cold climates.

Detail प्रश्न
Detail प्रश्न उस जानकारी के बारे में पूछते हैं जो पैसेज में साफ़ लिखी है। सही उत्तर पैसेज में सीधे लिखा होता है (सिर्फ इशारा नहीं), अक्सर एक खास तथ्य, संख्या या विवरण के रूप में।
  • spellcheck Answer
    Answer: A

    (A) The correct answer is They help reduce indoor heat gain during the day. In the passage, "Features such as thick walls, shaded courtyards, and carefully placed openings can slow heat gain during the day." directly supports "They help reduce indoor heat gain during the day."

    (B) They eliminate the need for ventilation openings. is incorrect because it changes or distorts a detail from the passage; Features such as thick walls, shaded courtyards, and carefully placed openings can slow heat gain during the day.

    (C) They increase the amount of sunlight indoors at noon. is incorrect because the passage does not support that detail

    (D) They are useful only in cold climates. is incorrect because the passage does not support that detail

Detail

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 2: Gist Purpose

Gist Purpose प्रश्न पूछता है कि लेखक ने पूरा टेक्स्ट क्यों लिखा। यह ज़्यादातर Read in Daily Life टेक्स्ट के साथ आता है, जहाँ कोई ईमेल या सूचना पहले वाक्यों में ही अपना मकसद बता देती है। हमारे शिक्षार्थियों के लिए यह सबसे आसान प्रकार है, 82.0% सही उत्तरों के साथ। इसका जाल एक ऐसा विकल्प है जो टेक्स्ट की एक सही बात दोहराता है, लेकिन टेक्स्ट लिखने का कारण नहीं है।

Gist Purpose प्रश्न
[1] Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are extremely brief yet powerful flashes of radio energy that arrive without warning from distant reaches of the cosmos. Each signal lasts only a few milliseconds, so astronomers describe them as "ephemeral" events that fade almost as soon as they are noticed. Despite their fleeting nature, the bursts release more energy than the Sun does in days. Their dispersion patterns reveal that many originate billions of light-years away, implying that whatever produces them must be extraordinarily energetic and capable of sending signals across intergalactic space.

[2] Because FRBs travel through space for such vast stretches, they carry information about the material they traverse. By measuring slight delays at different frequencies, researchers can estimate the amount of ionized gas between galaxies. Leading theories about their origin include eruptions from magnetars, collisions between neutron stars, and the evaporation of primordial black holes. Magnetars attract particular attention because occasional X-ray flares from known examples coincide with weak FRB-like pulses, hinting at a physical connection.

[3] To unravel the mystery, astronomers are assembling networks of wide-field radio telescopes. The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) already catalogs hundreds of bursts per year, while South Africa’s MeerKAT array pinpoints them to host galaxies. The forthcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will boost sensitivity tenfold, enabling detection of weaker events and mapping the cosmic web with unprecedented detail. Paired with automated supercomputers, these facilities could transform FRBs from curiosities into routine tools for cosmology.
What is the purpose of the second paragraph?
  1. To describe the instruments used to detect FRBs
  2. To present major theories explaining FRB origins
  3. To compare FRBs with other cosmic explosions
  4. To summarize the history of radio astronomy

Gist Purpose प्रश्न
Gist Purpose प्रश्न पूछते हैं कि पैसेज (या उसका पूरा एक हिस्सा) क्यों लिखा गया। सही उत्तर लेखक का पूरा मकसद बताता है, कोई छोटी बात नहीं।
  • spellcheck Answer
    Answer: B

    (B) The correct answer is to present major theories explaining FRB origins. Paragraph 2 lists “eruptions from magnetars, collisions between neutron stars, and the evaporation of primordial black holes,” clearly outlining leading hypotheses for where FRBs come from.

    (A) Discussion of detection instruments appears in paragraph 3, not paragraph 2, so this choice is inaccurate.

    (C) The paragraph does not compare FRBs with supernovae or gamma-ray bursts; it focuses solely on possible sources.

    (D) No historical overview of radio astronomy is provided; therefore this option is irrelevant.

Gist Purpose

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 3: Rhetorical Purpose

Rhetorical Purpose प्रश्न पूछता है कि लेखक ने कोई एक बात क्यों लिखी, यह नहीं कि वह बात सच है या नहीं। आप इसे "Why does the author mention..." जैसे शब्दों से पहचान सकते हैं। वह बात क्या काम करती है, यह अक्सर उससे पहले वाले वाक्य में होता है। हमारे शिक्षार्थी इनमें से 55.8% प्रश्न सही करते हैं; 2 प्रकार इससे कठिन हैं और 7 आसान।

Rhetorical Purpose प्रश्न
[1] Mangrove forests grow along tropical and subtropical coastlines where saltwater and tides shape the landscape. Their roots trap sediment, stabilize shorelines, and create habitat for fish and invertebrates. These forests are especially valuable where coastal communities face regular storms and erosion.

[2] Mangroves can protect shorelines in several ways, including slowing incoming water, trapping debris, and buffering wave energy. For example, dense root systems can reduce the force of water moving toward land. In the same way a woven barrier spreads out pressure, tangled roots help weaken storm surges before they reach inland areas.

[3] Scientists study mangrove forests because they provide insight into how coastal ecosystems reduce environmental risk. Research on mangroves has improved shoreline models and helped scientists estimate how clearing these forests changes flooding patterns. These studies also help researchers distinguish the protective effects of vegetation from the effects of seawalls and other infrastructure.
Why does the author mention a woven barrier in the passage?
  1. To illustrate how mangrove roots can spread out and weaken wave force
  2. To suggest that coastal engineers copy mangrove roots exactly
  3. To compare storm surges with fishing equipment
  4. To show that woven barriers are better than forests in every case

Rhetorical Purpose प्रश्न
Rhetorical Purpose प्रश्न पूछते हैं कि लेखक ने कोई खास बात, उदाहरण या वाक्यांश क्यों लिखा। उत्तर सीधे नहीं लिखा होता। आपको उस बात को पैराग्राफ की मुख्य बात से जोड़ना होता है। आपको अक्सर ऐसे शब्द दिखेंगे: Why does the author mention ___?
  • spellcheck Answer
    Answer: A

    (A) The correct answer is To illustrate how mangrove roots can spread out and weaken wave force. In the passage, "In the same way a woven barrier spreads out pressure, tangled roots help weaken storm surges before they reach inland areas." shows why the author or speaker mentions that detail, so "To illustrate how mangrove roots can spread out and weaken wave force" is the best explanation of its function.

    (B) To suggest that coastal engineers copy mangrove roots exactly is incorrect because the author or speaker mentions the detail to support a different purpose, not this one

    (C) To compare storm surges with fishing equipment is incorrect because the author or speaker mentions the detail to support a different purpose, not this one

    (D) To show that woven barriers are better than forests in every case is incorrect because the author or speaker mentions the detail to support a different purpose, not this one

Rhetorical Purpose

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 4: Vocabulary

Vocabulary प्रश्न पूछता है कि हाइलाइट किए गए शब्द का पैसेज में क्या मतलब है। आपको वह शब्द पहले से जानना ज़रूरी नहीं है, क्योंकि आसपास के शब्द लगभग हमेशा कोई संकेत देते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, "or" के बाद वही बात दूसरे शब्दों में, "but" के बाद उलटी बात, या अगले वाक्य में कोई उदाहरण। हमारे शिक्षार्थी 62.4% Vocabulary प्रश्न सही करते हैं; 5 प्रकार इससे कठिन हैं और 4 आसान, इसलिए शब्द के आसपास के संकेत इस्तेमाल करने पर काम करते हैं।

Vocabulary प्रश्न
[1] Some reef fish form partnerships in which small cleaner fish remove parasites and dead tissue from larger client fish. These interactions can improve the health of the clients and provide food for the cleaners. It was once assumed that such exchanges were merely routine, but researchers now recognize that they involve signals, repeated interactions, and choice.

[2] One well-known example involves cleaner wrasses and many different client species. When clients approach a cleaning station, they may slow down, hold still, or open their mouths and gill covers. These behaviors make it easier for cleaners to work efficiently while reducing the risk of injury.

[3] Researchers have also found that repeated encounters matter. Some clients return to cleaners that have treated them well in the past, while cleaners may adjust their behavior depending on who is waiting nearby. This pattern suggests that cooperation can be shaped by reputation and ongoing interaction. These findings continue to influence how scientists understand mutualism on coral reefs.
The word “routine” in the passage is closest in meaning to
  1. automatic
  2. distant
  3. rare
  4. costly

Vocabulary प्रश्न
Vocabulary प्रश्न में आप वह उत्तर चुनते हैं जिसका मतलब हाइलाइट किए गए शब्द या वाक्यांश के सबसे करीब है, जैसा वह पैसेज में इस्तेमाल हुआ है। वाक्य के मतलब और आसपास के संदर्भ पर ध्यान दें, सिर्फ शब्दकोश के अर्थ पर नहीं।
  • spellcheck Answers
    Answer: A

    (A) The correct answer is automatic. In the passage, "Some reef fish form partnerships in which small cleaner fish remove parasites and dead tissue from larger client fish." shows that the word is closest in meaning to "automatic".

    (B) distant is incorrect because that meaning does not fit the way the word is used in the sentence

    (C) rare is incorrect because that meaning does not fit the way the word is used in the sentence

    (D) costly is incorrect because that meaning does not fit the way the word is used in the sentence

Vocabulary

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 5: Negative Factual Information

Negative Factual Information प्रश्न पूछता है कि कौन सा विकल्प पैसेज से साबित नहीं होता। आप इसे बड़े अक्षरों में लिखे NOT या EXCEPT से पहचानते हैं। तीन विकल्प पैसेज में होते हैं, अक्सर दूसरे शब्दों में, और एक नहीं होता। हमारे शिक्षार्थी इनमें से 57.7% प्रश्न सही करते हैं; 3 प्रकार इससे कठिन हैं और 6 आसान।

Negative Factual Information प्रश्न
[1] Some reef fish form partnerships in which small cleaner fish remove parasites and dead tissue from larger client fish. These interactions can improve the health of the clients and provide food for the cleaners. It was once assumed that such exchanges were merely routine, but researchers now recognize that they involve signals, repeated interactions, and choice.

[2] One well-known example involves cleaner wrasses and many different client species. When clients approach a cleaning station, they may slow down, hold still, or open their mouths and gill covers. These behaviors make it easier for cleaners to work efficiently while reducing the risk of injury.

[3] Researchers have also found that repeated encounters matter. Some clients return to cleaners that have treated them well in the past, while cleaners may adjust their behavior depending on who is waiting nearby. This pattern suggests that cooperation can be shaped by reputation and ongoing interaction. These findings continue to influence how scientists understand mutualism on coral reefs.
All of the following are mentioned about cleaner fish partnerships EXCEPT:
  1. Client fish may hold still during cleaning.
  2. Cleaner fish can feed on parasites and dead tissue.
  3. Partnerships can involve repeated encounters.
  4. Client fish always remain with one cleaner for life.

Negative Factual Information प्रश्न
आप Negative Factual Information प्रश्न को NOT या EXCEPT शब्द से पहचान सकते हैं। सही उत्तर वह विकल्प है जो पैराग्राफ से साबित नहीं होता।
  • spellcheck Answer
    Answer: D

    (D) The correct answer is Client fish always remain with one cleaner for life. This question asks for the choice that is NOT mentioned or supported. The passage gives support for Client fish may hold still during cleaning.; Cleaner fish can feed on parasites and dead tissue.; Partnerships can involve repeated encounters., but it does not support "Client fish always remain with one cleaner for life."

    (A) Client fish may hold still during cleaning. is incorrect because the passage does mention this point; Some reef fish form partnerships in which small cleaner fish remove parasites and dead tissue from larger client fish.

    (B) Cleaner fish can feed on parasites and dead tissue. is incorrect because the passage does mention this point; Some reef fish form partnerships in which small cleaner fish remove parasites and dead tissue from larger client fish.

    (C) Partnerships can involve repeated encounters. is incorrect because the passage does mention this point; Some reef fish form partnerships in which small cleaner fish remove parasites and dead tissue from larger client fish.

Negative Factual Information

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 6: Inference

Inference प्रश्न पूछता है कि पैसेज किस बात का इशारा करता है, जो उसमें सीधे शब्दों में नहीं लिखी है। सही उत्तर सबूत से बस एक छोटा कदम आगे होता है। जिस विकल्प में "all", "only" या "never" हो, वह अक्सर एक कदम ज़्यादा आगे चला जाता है। हमारे शिक्षार्थी 60.6% Inference प्रश्न सही करते हैं।

Inference प्रश्न
[1] Some reef fish form partnerships in which small cleaner fish remove parasites and dead tissue from larger client fish. These interactions can improve the health of the clients and provide food for the cleaners. It was once assumed that such exchanges were merely routine, but researchers now recognize that they involve signals, repeated interactions, and choice.

[2] One well-known example involves cleaner wrasses and many different client species. When clients approach a cleaning station, they may slow down, hold still, or open their mouths and gill covers. These behaviors make it easier for cleaners to work efficiently while reducing the risk of injury.

[3] Researchers have also found that repeated encounters matter. Some clients return to cleaners that have treated them well in the past, while cleaners may adjust their behavior depending on who is waiting nearby. This pattern suggests that cooperation can be shaped by reputation and ongoing interaction. These findings continue to influence how scientists understand mutualism on coral reefs.
Which of the following is suggested about repeated interactions between cleaner fish and clients?
  1. They can influence how cooperative the interaction becomes.
  2. They prevent cleaner fish from feeding efficiently.
  3. They matter only when many reefs are damaged.
  4. They eliminate the role of signals at cleaning stations.

Inference प्रश्न
Inference प्रश्न में सही उत्तर सीधे नहीं लिखा होता। आपको पैराग्राफ की जानकारी के आधार पर एक तर्कसंगत नतीजा निकालना होता है।
  • spellcheck Answer
    Answer: A

    (A) The correct answer is They can influence how cooperative the interaction becomes. In the passage, "It was once assumed that such exchanges were merely routine , but researchers now recognize that they involve signals, repeated interactions, and choice." supports the inference that "They can influence how cooperative the interaction becomes."

    (B) They prevent cleaner fish from feeding efficiently. is incorrect because it goes beyond what the passage suggests; the support points instead to It was once assumed that such exchanges were merely routine , but researchers now recognize that they involve signals, repeated interactions, and choice.

    (C) They matter only when many reefs are damaged. is incorrect because it goes beyond what the passage suggests; the support points instead to It was once assumed that such exchanges were merely routine , but researchers now recognize that they involve signals, repeated interactions, and choice.

    (D) They eliminate the role of signals at cleaning stations. is incorrect because it goes beyond what the passage suggests; the support points instead to It was once assumed that such exchanges were merely routine , but researchers now recognize that they involve signals, repeated interactions, and choice.

Inference

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 7: Organization

Organization प्रश्न पूछता है कि पैसेज के दो हिस्से आपस में कैसे जुड़े हैं, उदाहरण के लिए पैराग्राफ 3 का पैराग्राफ 2 से क्या संबंध है। आपको हर हिस्से की मुख्य बात और उनके बीच का संबंध समझना होता है, जैसे कोई समस्या और उसका हल, या कोई दावा और उस पर आपत्तियाँ। हमारे शिक्षार्थी 63.1% Organization प्रश्न सही करते हैं।

Organization प्रश्न
[1] Mangrove forests grow along tropical and subtropical coastlines where saltwater and tides shape the landscape. Their roots trap sediment, stabilize shorelines, and create habitat for fish and invertebrates. These forests are especially valuable where coastal communities face regular storms and erosion.

[2] Mangroves can protect shorelines in several ways, including slowing incoming water, trapping debris, and buffering wave energy. For example, dense root systems can reduce the force of water moving toward land. In the same way a woven barrier spreads out pressure, tangled roots help weaken storm surges before they reach inland areas.

[3] Scientists study mangrove forests because they provide insight into how coastal ecosystems reduce environmental risk. Research on mangroves has improved shoreline models and helped scientists estimate how clearing these forests changes flooding patterns. These studies also help researchers distinguish the protective effects of vegetation from the effects of seawalls and other infrastructure.
What is the relationship between paragraphs 2 and 3?
  1. Paragraph 3 explains how scientists study the coastal effects described in paragraph 2.
  2. Paragraph 3 contradicts the storm-protection roles introduced in paragraph 2.
  3. Paragraph 3 narrows the discussion to one individual mangrove species mentioned in paragraph 2.
  4. Paragraph 3 argues that the functions in paragraph 2 are too minor to measure.

Organization प्रश्न
Organization प्रश्नों में आपको समझना होता है कि पैसेज में विचार किस क्रम में रखे गए हैं या आपस में कैसे जुड़े हैं। ये प्रश्न जानकारी के क्रम पर या एक पैराग्राफ के दूसरे पैराग्राफ से संबंध पर हो सकते हैं।
  • spellcheck Answer
    Answer: A

    (A) The correct answer is Paragraph 3 explains how scientists study the coastal effects described in paragraph 2. The passage first says, "Mangroves can protect shorelines in several ways, including slowing incoming water, trapping debris, and buffering wave energy. For example, dense root systems can reduce the force of..." and then moves to "Scientists study mangrove forests because they provide insight into how coastal ecosystems reduce environmental risk. Research on mangroves has improved shoreline models and helped...." That matches the relationship described in the correct choice.

    (B) Paragraph 3 contradicts the storm-protection roles introduced in paragraph 2. is incorrect because the paragraphs do not relate to each other in that way

    (C) Paragraph 3 narrows the discussion to one individual mangrove species mentioned in paragraph 2. is incorrect because the paragraphs do not relate to each other in that way

    (D) Paragraph 3 argues that the functions in paragraph 2 are too minor to measure. is incorrect because the paragraphs do not relate to each other in that way

Organization

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 8: Select in Passage

Select in Passage प्रश्न में कोई अक्षर (A, B, C, D) नहीं होते। आप एक चिह्नित पैराग्राफ में एक वाक्य पर क्लिक करते हैं, और उस वाक्य को पूरे प्रश्न का उत्तर देना होता है। कई वाक्यों में विषय का ज़िक्र होता है, लेकिन सिर्फ एक वाक्य वही जानकारी देता है जो पूछी गई है। हमारे शिक्षार्थी इनमें से 46.9% प्रश्न सही करते हैं, जो दसों प्रकारों में सबसे कम दर है, इसलिए इस प्रकार पर अपना समय लें।

Select in Passage प्रश्न
[1] The theory of plate tectonics explains most of the Earth’s large-scale geological features, but it cannot fully account for the presence of isolated volcanic regions known as “hotspots.” These hotspots, such as those that created the Hawaiian Islands, appear in the middle of tectonic plates rather than along their boundaries. In 1963, geophysicist J. Tuzo Wilson proposed that plumes of unusually hot mantle material rise from deep within the Earth, partially melt near the surface, and generate chains of volcanoes as the overlying plate slowly drifts above them.

[2] For decades, the plume hypothesis was accepted with little reservation. However, improvements in seismic tomography have recently revealed that some supposed plume roots are shallower than originally assumed, lying only 200–300 kilometers beneath the crust instead of originating near the core-mantle boundary. In addition, geochemical analyses of hotspot lavas sometimes resemble mid-ocean-ridge basalts rather than the chemically distinct melts expected from deep mantle sources. These findings suggest that certain hotspots may instead form when lithospheric plates stretch and thin, allowing ordinary upper-mantle rock to melt more easily. Proponents of this “plate-driven” model point to the Iceland hotspot, where divergence along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reduces pressure on the underlying mantle and promotes extensive volcanism without invoking a deep plume.

[3] Despite the debate, many geologists suspect that both mechanisms operate, with deep plumes explaining long, linear island chains and plate-driven melting accounting for broader volcanic provinces. Resolving the controversy matters because hotspot tracks are used to reconstruct past plate motions and to infer the thermal structure of the planet’s interior. New experiments that simulate mantle convection under realistic temperature and pressure conditions, combined with satellite measurements of surface deformation, may soon clarify whether the mantle behaves as a sluggish conveyor belt carrying discrete plumes or as a dynamic layer whose melting patterns primarily reflect stresses in the overlying plates.
Click on the sentence in paragraph 2 that describes the mechanism proposed by proponents of the 'plate-driven' model for hotspot formation.

Select in Passage प्रश्न
Select in Passage प्रश्न में आप पैसेज के उस वाक्य पर क्लिक करते हैं जो प्रश्न का उत्तर देता है। सही वाक्य को पूछे गए विचार को सीधे साबित करना चाहिए, सिर्फ विषय से जुड़ा होना काफ़ी नहीं है।
  • spellcheck Answer
    Answer: “These findings suggest that certain hotspots may instead form when lithospheric plates stretch and thin, allowing ordinary upper-mantle rock to melt more easily.”

    (D) The correct answer is 'These findings suggest that certain hotspots may instead form when lithospheric plates stretch and thin, allowing ordinary upper-mantle rock to melt more easily.' This fourth sentence in paragraph 2 explicitly outlines the process suggested by proponents of the 'plate-driven' model, describing how plate stretching and thinning can allow for melting in the upper mantle, leading to hotspot formation.

    (A) The first sentence simply states that the plume hypothesis was accepted, not describing any alternative mechanisms.

    (B) The second sentence discusses new seismic tomography data about plume roots, not the plate-driven model's process.

    (C) The third sentence introduces geochemical findings, but it does not explain the mechanism by which plates could allow hotspot formation.

    (E) The sentence about the Iceland hotspot is incorrect because it gives an example supporting the model, not the general mechanism itself.

Select in Passage

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 9: Insert a Sentence

Insert a Sentence प्रश्न में आपको एक नया वाक्य और पैराग्राफ में चार चौकोर निशान मिलते हैं। आप उस निशान पर क्लिक करते हैं जहाँ वाक्य सही बैठता है। वाक्य को अपने पहले वाले वाक्य से आगे बढ़ना चाहिए और अगले वाक्य तक ले जाना चाहिए। हमारे शिक्षार्थी इनमें से 47.6% प्रश्न सही करते हैं; 1 प्रकार इससे कठिन है और 8 आसान।

Insert a Sentence प्रश्न
[1] Spider silk is one of the most remarkable biological materials known to scientists. Different kinds of silk can be strong, flexible, lightweight, or sticky, depending on how a spider uses them. These fibers help spiders build webs, wrap prey, protect eggs, and move safely through their surroundings.

[2] One familiar type is dragline silk, which many spiders use as a structural thread in webs and as a safety line while climbing. Other silk strands are designed to capture prey by stretching easily and holding insects in place. Because spiders can produce several kinds of silk, they are able to use different fibers for different tasks.

[3] Researchers are studying spider silk proteins to develop new materials for medicine and engineering. [A] Some scientists hope to create fibers that mimic spider silk's combination of strength and flexibility for use in sutures, protective fabrics, and lightweight equipment. [B] Because natural spider silk is difficult to collect in large quantities, researchers are also testing ways to produce similar proteins in laboratories. [C] The study of spider silk not only improves our understanding of animal materials but also encourages practical innovation in many fields. [D]

There are four locations [▪] in the passage that indicate where the following sentence could be added.

Where would the sentence best fit? Select a location [▪] to add the sentence to the passage.

Those possible uses are especially attractive for devices that require both low weight and high durability.


Insert a Sentence प्रश्न
Insert a Sentence प्रश्न में आपको एक नया वाक्य और पैराग्राफ में चार चौकोर निशान मिलते हैं। आप उस निशान पर क्लिक करते हैं जहाँ वाक्य सही बैठता है। वाक्य को अपने पहले वाले वाक्य से आगे बढ़ना चाहिए और अगले वाक्य तक ले जाना चाहिए।
  • spellcheck Answer
    Answer: B [B]

    (B) The correct answer is Position B. The inserted sentence is "Those possible uses are especially attractive for devices that require both low weight and high durability." and it fits best in paragraph 3 because it fits the transition from "Researchers are studying spider silk proteins to develop new materials for medicine and engineering." to "Some scientists hope to create fibers that mimic spider silk's combination of strength and flexibility for use in sutures, protective fabrics, and lightweight equipment."

    (A) Position A is incorrect because that position is too early, before the paragraph introduces the idea this sentence depends on

    (C) Position C is incorrect because that position is too late, after the paragraph has already moved on to a later point

    (D) Position D is incorrect because that position is too late, after the paragraph has already moved on to a later point

Insert a Sentence

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकार 10: Complete the Words

Complete the Words एक task type भी है और एक प्रश्न प्रकार भी: एक छोटा academic टेक्स्ट जिसमें दस शब्दों के अक्षरों का दूसरा आधा हिस्सा गायब होता है। आप गायब अक्षर टाइप करते हैं। हमारे शिक्षार्थी 65.3% खाली जगहें सही भरते हैं और हर खाली जगह पर लगभग 12 सेकंड लगाते हैं। हमारी TOEFL Complete the Words गाइड गायब शब्दों के आठ प्रकार और हर एक पर लगने वाला समय बताती है।

Complete the Words
Planetary geology studies the surfaces, interiors, and histories of worlds beyond Earth. Resea compare craters, volc, and tectonic feat to in how pla and moons cha over imm spans of time. Diff worlds pres evidence of he, impacts, and lost atmospheres. Spacecraft images allow geologists to test ideas without direct fieldwork. Field studies and comparative records continue to refine what scholars know about this subject. Comparing cases from different regions helps researchers explain why similar processes can produce different outcomes. Planetary geology shows how familiar processes can appear differently on other worlds. Additional evidence from surveys, experiments, and archives can clarify how the process changes over time.

  • spellcheck Answer
    1. rchers (Researchers)
    2. anoes (volcanoes)
    3. ures (features)
    4. fer (infer)
    5. nets (planets)
    6. nged (changed)
    7. ense (immense)
    8. erent (Different)
    9. erve (preserve)
    10. at (heat)

Complete the Words

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TOEFL Reading प्रश्न प्रकारों का अभ्यास कैसे करें

हर प्रश्न प्रकार का अभ्यास असली टेक्स्ट पर करें, फिर हर गलत प्रश्न को दोबारा देखें और उसकी व्याख्या पढ़ें। हमारे अभ्यास प्रश्नों में हर प्रश्न का प्रकार लिखा होता है, और हर प्रैक्टिस टेस्ट की स्कोर रिपोर्ट आपका नतीजा प्रकार के हिसाब से दिखाती है। इससे आप देख सकते हैं कि दस में से किस प्रकार पर आगे काम करना है।

मुफ्त अकाउंट बनाएँ और दसों प्रश्न प्रकारों में से हर एक का पाठ खोलें, जिसमें हर प्रकार की रणनीति और अभ्यास प्रश्न हैं।

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