Questions 14-16
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 14-16
on your answer sheet.
14. What can we learn from the first paragraph?
15. The second paragraph describes how schools encourage students to
16. In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that students with a fixed mindset
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "where the idea of innate intelligence first began", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence tests, belonged to the nineteenth-century tradition that treated intellectual ability as a measurable and relatively unchangeable feature of each individual. In the early twentieth century, however, progressive educators began to reject the idea that natural ability determines destiny.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is correct. Choice B matches the question because "when views about the nature of intelligence began to shift" is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence tests, belonged to the nineteenth-century tradition that treated intellectual ability as a measurable and relatively unchangeable feature of each individual. In the early twentieth century, however, progressive educators began to reject the idea that natural ability determines destiny.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "how scientists have reacted to changing views of intelligence", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence tests, belonged to the nineteenth-century tradition that treated intellectual ability as a measurable and relatively unchangeable feature of each individual. In the early twentieth century, however, progressive educators began to reject the idea that natural ability determines destiny.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "why thinkers moved away from the idea of intelligence being fixed", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence tests, belonged to the nineteenth-century tradition that treated intellectual ability as a measurable and relatively unchangeable feature of each individual. In the early twentieth century, however, progressive educators began to reject the idea that natural ability determines destiny.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence tests, belonged to the nineteenth-century tradition that treated intellectual ability as a measurable and relatively unchangeable feature of each individual. In the early twentieth century, however, progressive educators began to reject the idea that natural ability determines destiny.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "recognise their personal ambitions.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Schools use the growth mindset to encourage students to have confidence in their potential to succeed, especially by treating failure not as proof of limited ability but as an opportunity to improve.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "help one another to realise their goals.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Schools use the growth mindset to encourage students to have confidence in their potential to succeed, especially by treating failure not as proof of limited ability but as an opportunity to improve.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "feel confident in their potential to succeed." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "Schools use the growth mindset to encourage students to have confidence in their potential to succeed, especially by treating failure not as proof of limited ability but as an opportunity to improve.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "focus on where their particular strengths lie.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "Schools use the growth mindset to encourage students to have confidence in their potential to succeed, especially by treating failure not as proof of limited ability but as an opportunity to improve.". Because Choice D does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
Associated Text:
Schools use the growth mindset to encourage students to have confidence in their potential to succeed, especially by treating failure not as proof of limited ability but as an opportunity to improve.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "tend to be less ambitious.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "They had inferred that success and failure depended on innate ability, and this fixed mindset made them afraid to push themselves beyond what they saw as their limitations.". Because Choice A does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "usually have a low sense of self-esteem.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "They had inferred that success and failure depended on innate ability, and this fixed mindset made them afraid to push themselves beyond what they saw as their limitations.". Because Choice B does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "will only work hard if they receive constant encouragement.", but the passage evidence for the correct answer is "They had inferred that success and failure depended on innate ability, and this fixed mindset made them afraid to push themselves beyond what they saw as their limitations.". Because Choice C does not express that same idea, it should not be chosen.
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "are scared to push themselves beyond what they see as their limitations." is the idea supported by the passage evidence: "They had inferred that success and failure depended on innate ability, and this fixed mindset made them afraid to push themselves beyond what they saw as their limitations.". The wording may be paraphrased, but it points to the same meaning.
Associated Text:
They had inferred that success and failure depended on innate ability, and this fixed mindset made them afraid to push themselves beyond what they saw as their limitations.
Questions 17-22
Look at the following
Statements (Questions 17-22) and
List of people below below.
Look at the following statements (Questions 17-22) and the list of people below.
Write the correct number
A-E in boxes
Questions 17-22
on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
List of people below
- Alfred Binet
- Carol Dweck
- Andrew Gelman
- Timothy Bates
- David Yeager and Gregory Walton
Choose C because the passage connects this feature or person with the information in the question. The supporting evidence is: "Andrew Gelman has argued that the methodology behind some growth mindset studies was not strict enough, particularly where small effects were treated as strong proof.". This evidence identifies the correct match and rules out choices that are not linked to this detail.
Associated Text:
Andrew Gelman has argued that the methodology behind some growth mindset studies was not strict enough, particularly where small effects were treated as strong proof.
Choose B because the passage connects this feature or person with the information in the question. The supporting evidence is: "She argues that the theory has often been misunderstood and misapplied.". This evidence identifies the correct match and rules out choices that are not linked to this detail.
Associated Text:
She argues that the theory has often been misunderstood and misapplied.
Choose A because the passage connects this feature or person with the information in the question. The supporting evidence is: "Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence tests, belonged to the nineteenth-century tradition that treated intellectual ability as a measurable and relatively unchangeable feature of each individual. In the early twentieth century, however, progressive educators began to reject the idea that natural ability determines destiny.". This evidence identifies the correct match and rules out choices that are not linked to this detail.
Associated Text:
Alfred Binet, who developed the first intelligence tests, belonged to the nineteenth-century tradition that treated intellectual ability as a measurable and relatively unchangeable feature of each individual. In the early twentieth century, however, progressive educators began to reject the idea that natural ability determines destiny.
Choose E because the passage connects this feature or person with the information in the question. The supporting evidence is: "Growth mindset supporters David Yeager and Gregory Walton argue that interventions should be delivered in a subtle way to maximise their effect.". This evidence identifies the correct match and rules out choices that are not linked to this detail.
Associated Text:
Growth mindset supporters David Yeager and Gregory Walton argue that interventions should be delivered in a subtle way to maximise their effect.
Choose B because the passage connects this feature or person with the information in the question. The supporting evidence is: "For her, the growth mindset is a tool for learning and improvement, not merely a way to make children feel good.". This evidence identifies the correct match and rules out choices that are not linked to this detail.
Associated Text:
For her, the growth mindset is a tool for learning and improvement, not merely a way to make children feel good.
Choose D because the passage connects this feature or person with the information in the question. The supporting evidence is: "Timothy Bates has reported research suggesting that growth mindset has no effect on academic achievement, at least when tested through classroom interventions rather than laboratory conditions.". This evidence identifies the correct match and rules out choices that are not linked to this detail.
Associated Text:
Timothy Bates has reported research suggesting that growth mindset has no effect on academic achievement, at least when tested through classroom interventions rather than laboratory conditions.
Questions 23-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
The answer is Yes because the statement agrees with the passage. The key evidence is: "Schools can also create cognitive dissonance when they praise the language of growth mindset while giving students fixed target grades based on current performance.". This evidence says the same thing as the question statement, so the statement is supported.
Associated Text:
Schools can also create cognitive dissonance when they praise the language of growth mindset while giving students fixed target grades based on current performance.
The answer is No because the statement contradicts the passage. The key evidence is: "Self-perception and achievement are strongly correlated, but evidence suggests that the effect of achievement on self-perception is stronger than the reverse.". This evidence gives a different meaning from the question statement, so the statement is not correct.
Associated Text:
Self-perception and achievement are strongly correlated, but evidence suggests that the effect of achievement on self-perception is stronger than the reverse.
The answer is Not given because the passage does not give enough information to confirm the statement. The closest relevant evidence is: "Recent evidence suggests that growth mindset interventions are not the cure for student learning that supporters sometimes claim.". This may discuss a related idea, but it does not prove the statement in the question.
Associated Text:
Recent evidence suggests that growth mindset interventions are not the cure for student learning that supporters sometimes claim.
The answer is Yes because the statement agrees with the passage. The key evidence is: "Motivational posters and talks are often a waste of time and may give students a deluded idea of what success means.". This evidence says the same thing as the question statement, so the statement is supported.
Associated Text:
Motivational posters and talks are often a waste of time and may give students a deluded idea of what success means.
