Questions 19-22
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in 19-22 on your answer sheet.
Use "Human error" because the passage says most collisions involve human error.
Associated Text:
Safety is often mentioned first: work by the UK's Transport Research Laboratory has shown that more than 90 percent of road collisions include human error as a contributing factor, and that it is the main cause in most cases.
Use "Car (-) sharing" because the passage says automation makes car-sharing schemes more practical.
Associated Text:
Automation makes car-sharing schemes far more practical, especially in cities where travel demand is high.
Use "Ownership" because the Michigan modelling predicts a 43 percent cut in vehicle ownership.
Associated Text:
Yet the total number of trips would probably rise, partly because empty vehicles would have to travel from one customer to the next.
Use "Mileage" because the same sentence says average annual mileage would double.
Associated Text:
Yet the total number of trips would probably rise, partly because empty vehicles would have to travel from one customer to the next.
Questions 23-24
Choose two letters A-E.
Write your answers in boxes 23-24 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO benefits of automated vehicles does the writer mention?
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People travelling by car could make substantial savings.
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Parking spaces in cities would be easier to locate.
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Travellers could use journey time for activities other than driving.
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People for whom driving is physically hard could travel on their own.
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Fewer cars would lead to less pollution.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "People travelling by car could make substantial savings.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely. If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.". That evidence does not give Choice A as one of the two required statements.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "Parking spaces in cities would be easier to locate.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely. If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.". That evidence does not give Choice B as one of the two required statements.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "Travellers could use journey time for activities other than driving." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO benefits of automated vehicles does the writer mention?".
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "People for whom driving is physically hard could travel on their own." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO benefits of automated vehicles does the writer mention?".
(E) is incorrect. Choice E says "Fewer cars would lead to less pollution.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely. If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.". That evidence does not give Choice E as one of the two required statements.
Associated Text:
If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely.
(A) is incorrect. Choice A says "People travelling by car could make substantial savings.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely. If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.". That evidence does not give Choice A as one of the two required statements.
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "Parking spaces in cities would be easier to locate.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely. If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.". That evidence does not give Choice B as one of the two required statements.
(C) is correct. Choice C matches the question because "Travellers could use journey time for activities other than driving." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO benefits of automated vehicles does the writer mention?".
(D) is correct. Choice D matches the question because "People for whom driving is physically hard could travel on their own." is directly supported by the passage evidence: "If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO benefits of automated vehicles does the writer mention?".
(E) is incorrect. Choice E says "Fewer cars would lead to less pollution.", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "If a vehicle can carry out part or all of the driving task, travellers may be able to work, socialise or simply relax while automated systems control the vehicle safely. If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.". That evidence does not give Choice E as one of the two required statements.
Associated Text:
If the car itself can drive, people disadvantaged by present mobility models, including older or disabled travellers, may gain much greater independence in travel.
Questions 25-26
Choose two letters A-E.
Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO challenges to automated vehicle development does the writer mention?
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ensuring that the public trusts automated vehicles
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controlling how quickly conventional vehicles are replaced by automated ones
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determining compensation for professional drivers who lose their jobs
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creating road infrastructure suitable for automated vehicles
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enabling automated vehicles to handle many different driving conditions
(A) is correct. Choice A matches the question because "ensuring that the public trusts automated vehicles" is directly supported by the passage evidence: "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO challenges to automated vehicle development does the writer mention?".
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "controlling how quickly conventional vehicles are replaced by automated ones", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system. These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That evidence does not give Choice B as one of the two required statements.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "determining compensation for professional drivers who lose their jobs", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system. These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That evidence does not give Choice C as one of the two required statements.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "creating road infrastructure suitable for automated vehicles", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system. These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That evidence does not give Choice D as one of the two required statements.
(E) is correct. Choice E matches the question because "enabling automated vehicles to handle many different driving conditions" is directly supported by the passage evidence: "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO challenges to automated vehicle development does the writer mention?".
Associated Text:
These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.
(A) is correct. Choice A matches the question because "ensuring that the public trusts automated vehicles" is directly supported by the passage evidence: "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO challenges to automated vehicle development does the writer mention?".
(B) is incorrect. Choice B says "controlling how quickly conventional vehicles are replaced by automated ones", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system. These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That evidence does not give Choice B as one of the two required statements.
(C) is incorrect. Choice C says "determining compensation for professional drivers who lose their jobs", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system. These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That evidence does not give Choice C as one of the two required statements.
(D) is incorrect. Choice D says "creating road infrastructure suitable for automated vehicles", but the supporting evidence for the correct answers is "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system. These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That evidence does not give Choice D as one of the two required statements.
(E) is correct. Choice E matches the question because "enabling automated vehicles to handle many different driving conditions" is directly supported by the passage evidence: "These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.". That sentence gives one of the required ideas for "Which TWO challenges to automated vehicle development does the writer mention?".
Associated Text:
These include the technical challenge of making vehicles operate reliably in the infinite range of traffic, weather and road situations they may meet; the regulatory challenge of deciding how liability and enforcement should change when drivers are no longer essential; and the social changes needed for communities to trust and accept automated vehicles as a valuable part of the mobility system.
