Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
• People shaped glass with files, pumice and other substances
• Did not use glass for windows
• Glass became popular as Roman civilisation advanced
Europe from 17th century:
• 1600s: glass for windows started becoming usual
The correct answer is sand. The earliest natural glass formed when lightning struck patches of sand.
Associated Text:
So in prehistoric times, glass first existed simply as the by product of lightning striking the sand.
The correct answer is beads. Ancient Egyptian tombs contained small glass beads buried with high-status individuals.
Associated Text:
Archaeologists discovered small glass beads buried in the tombs of high status individuals.
The correct answer is bronze. The Greek polishing tool used on glass was made of bronze.
Associated Text:
Then they polished the surface using fine sand and a metal instrument that scraped away tiny imperfections. This polishing tool was made of bronze.
The correct answer is bottles. The lecture says the Phoenicians made small coloured-glass bottles for perfumes and oils, so the note refers to those containers.
Associated Text:
small bottles for perfumes and oils, which they traded across the entire ancient world.
The correct answer is furnaces. Around 100 BC, Roman glass furnaces were supplied with sand from the eastern Mediterranean.
Associated Text:
The first of the famous Roman glass furnaces, supplied with sand from the eastern Mediterranean, were built around 100 BC.
The correct answer is workshops. Declining trade and disrupted supply networks caused glass workshops to close in the Middle Ages.
Associated Text:
major factors in the closure of glass workshops in the Middle Ages
The correct answer is ashes. The lecture says vegetable and animal ashes were used with sand, along with colour, to give glass new visual properties.
Associated Text:
Vegetable and animal ashes were used with sand, along with colour, apparently for the first time, to give glass new visual properties.
The correct answer is salt. Le Blanc patented a process for turning salt into soda, the alkali used in glassmaking.
Associated Text:
patented a process for turning salt into a more reliable alkali.
The correct answer is chemistry. Chevreul studied the chemical relationship of silica, soda and lime, and his work established the basis of glass and ceramic chemistry.
Associated Text:
His studies established the basis for both glass and ceramic chemistry, and glassmaking became a science.
The correct answer is tax. Glass became affordable when the heavy duty, or tax, was removed.
Associated Text:
As it became more readily available, it became an everyday necessity, a development that was reinforced when the heavy duty was removed.
