Questions 31-34
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
• Offers a safe habitat, or shelter, for fish, shrimp and other species
Reasons for present decline
The correct answer is compounds. The lecturer says compounds can be extracted from coral and developed into medicine for certain forms of cancer.
Associated Text:
because we can extract compounds from coral that scientists are now developing into a medicine for treating certain forms of cancer
The correct answer is tissue. The lecturer says coral tissue gradually turns white when affected by white plague.
Associated Text:
The coral tissue would gradually turn white and then the coral would die.
The correct answer is salt. White plague was linked to salt from nearby agriculture being washed into the sea.
Associated Text:
scientists found the cause of the problem was salt, too much sodium chloride being washed off the land, which was being used in agriculture nearby
The correct answer is iron. The lecturer says the salt prevented corals from absorbing the iron they needed for healthy growth.
Associated Text:
preventing the corals from absorbing the iron they needed for healthy growth.
Questions 35-38
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
Write your answers in boxes 35-38
on your answer sheet.
35. In parrot-fish associated bleaching, what attracts the parrot fish?
36. According to Hannah Jackson's theory, what follows very frequent extreme warm-water events?
37. Why can moderately repeated warm-water events help coral reefs?
38. How can quick-growing seaweed harm coral?
(A) is correct. Algae secrete a sugar-rich solution that parrot fish like.
(B) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: iron left on the coral surface.
(C) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: small creatures living in the reef.
Associated Text:
algae settle on the coral and grow over their surface, smothering them as they go, and at the same time they secrete a sugar rich solution
(A) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: a decline in parrot fish numbers.
(B) is correct. Very frequent extreme warm-water events encourage stringy seaweed to grow.
(C) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: a shortage of salt in coastal water.
Associated Text:
If there are very frequent extreme warm water events in a region, this encourages a kind of stringy seaweed to grow afterwards
(A) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: They make coral tissue turn white.
(B) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: They increase local agriculture.
(C) is correct. Warm periods stop other species from consuming the food needed by coral polyps.
Associated Text:
the warm period stops the growth of other species which would consume the food needed by coral polyps
(A) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: It attracts too many fish predators.
(B) is correct. Quick-growing seaweed affects the composition of the seabed and removes nutrients.
(C) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: It blocks all warm-water events.
Associated Text:
they harm the coral in another way by affecting the composition of the seabed and removing nutrients from it
Questions 39-40
Choose two letters A-E.
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO points does the lecturer make about human influence on reefs?
-
fishing bans
-
rich wildlife
-
planned fires
-
lost shoreline plants
-
new farming practices
(A) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: fishing bans.
(B) is incorrect. Algae-dominated reefs have low species variety.
(C) is correct. Traditional Pacific island communities used planned fires along the coast, which kept nutrient runoff relatively predictable.
(D) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: lost shoreline plants.
(E) is correct. Later settlement changed how the area was farmed and managed.
Associated Text:
traditional Pacific island communities practiced regular controlled burning of coastal vegetation for thousands of years before the arrival of the Europeans
(A) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: fishing bans.
(B) is incorrect. Algae-dominated reefs have low species variety.
(C) is correct. Traditional Pacific island communities used planned fires along the coast, which kept nutrient runoff relatively predictable.
(D) is incorrect. The recording does not support this option: lost shoreline plants.
(E) is correct. Later settlement changed how the area was farmed and managed.
Associated Text:
But since Europeans arrived in the region, the nature of land use has been radically transformed.
