多益閱讀文法 - 現在、過去、未來完成式

現在完成式

在使用現在完成式時候，我們必須使用 have/has + 過去分詞 (P.P)，「過去分詞」又簡稱「P.P」 ，「規則動詞」的「過去分詞」通常是在詞根後面加上 「-ed」（例如，learn 變成 learned），但是不規則動詞的過去分詞有許多不同的變化。我們可以歸納為下列幾種形態：

如果句子結構如下方呈現的話，就是「現在完成式」:

✦ 表示過去延續到現在的狀態

Kevin has worked as chief of the advertising section of our company for ten years.
Kevin 擔任我們公司的廣告部主管已經 10 年了。

Consumer spending has dropped significantly during the past eight months.

過去八個月，消費者支出大幅下降。

The department store has been here since 1980.

這家百貨公司自從 1980 就一直在這了。

I have known Michael for 10 years.

我已經認識 Michael 十年了。

I haven't gone outside very much in the past few years.

過去幾年我很少出門。

My glass prescription hasn't changed much since the last time I had my eyes checked. My vision has only gotten a little worse.

自從我上次檢查眼睛以來，我的眼鏡度數沒有太大變化。我的視力只有變差一點。

He has been unemployed since last June.

自去年六月以來，他一直處於失業狀態中。

Up to now, the work has gone quite smoothly.

這份工作到目前為止進行的很順利。

多益例題: While the price of gold ______ at $1,100 per ounce over the past month, most of the financial experts predict that it is likely to increase due to a lack of investor's confidence in the stock market.

(A) is stabilizing  

(B) will have stabilized  

(C) has stabilized 

(D) will be stabilizing

多益例題: House prices in Taiwan ______ over the past 10 years, making home-buying slightly more affordable for middle and upper-middle-class families.

(A) had dropped gradually 

(B) have been gradually dropping  

(C) dropped gradually 

(D) drops gradually

✦ 強調已經完成或是發生的事

過去式和現在完成式都可以描述過去發生的事件，但它們的用法和重點不同。過去式僅僅是用來陳述「動作在過去某時發生」，而現在完成式則強調與現在的關係，並且不關心動作發生的具體時間，只在乎「到現在為止，動作是否完成」。

舉例來說，假設我們要描述一個人學習英文的經歷，使用過去式的句子可能是「他在大學時學習了英文」，這個句子只是描述過去發生的事情，它並沒有強調現在與過去的關係。而使用現在完成式的句子可能是「他已經學習了英文很長一段時間」，這個句子強調他已經完成學習英文的行動，並且這個行動對現在仍然有影響。

因此，使用不同的時態來表達過去事件的含義和重點是不同的，使用時需要根據語境和需要選擇合適的時態。

Joe has sent emails to all of our team members.

Joe 已向我們所有的團隊成員發送了電子郵件。

So far we have finished one-third of the work.
到目前為止我們的工作完成了三分之一。

I've never met him before.

我從來沒有見過他。

I haven't gone to the gym recently.

我最近都沒去健身房。

✦ 表示目前為止的經驗或是過去到現在的完成次數

A: Have you ever been to Korea? 

B: Yes, I have visited Seoul many times. / Yes, I have been to Seoul many times.

A: 你有去過韓國嗎?

B: 有啊，我去過首爾很多次。

How many times have you gone skiing?

你滑過幾次雪? 

I think I have seen that movie before.

我想我以前看過那部電影。

I have visited California every summer since I was 20.

從我 20 歲以來，我每年夏天都去加州。

過去完成式

▶️ 主詞 + had P.P + until/before/by the time/when + 主詞 + 過去動詞

Jane's roommate had cooked dinner before Jane got back from work.

Jane 下班回來之前，Jane 的室友已經做好了晚飯。

The train had left before we arrived at the station.

在我們到達車站之前，火車已經開走了。

Peter had left by the time I arrived.
等到我來的時候，Peter 已經先離開了。

I had commuted by bus for years until I moved and started to commute by car.

多年來，我一直搭乘公車上下班，一直到我搬家才開始開車上下班。

When we arrived at the stadium, the game had already begun.

當我們到達體育場時，比賽早已經開始了。

▶️ 主詞 + 過去動詞 + because/since + 主詞 + had P.P

The traffic was bad this morning because a car had broken down on the road.

今天早上交通很糟糕，因為一輛汽車在路上拋錨了。

We were not able to stay overnight at the hotel since we had not reserved a room in advance.

由於我們沒有提前預訂房間，我們無法在飯店過夜。

多益例題: A few senior managers ______ about the financial problems for weeks before the news was made public. 

(A) know  

(B) have known  

(C) had known  

(D) knowing

多益例題: The presentation had been postponed until the keynote speaker ______.

(A) has arrived  

(B) arrived  

(C) arriving  

(D) arrives

主要子句為「過去式」時，從屬的名詞子句使用「過去式」或是「過去完成式」。

Alex told me that he had seen the movie.  

Alex 告訴我他曾看過這部電影。

Many employees were delighted to find out that their co-worker Darran had been promoted to manager.

許多員工很高興得知他們的同事 Darran 被升職為經理。

John told me last month that he would start looking for a job.

John 上個月告訴我他會開始找工作。

👉 當你用陳述句表達「某某人說了什麼」，你會將那個人的 will 改成 would，因為此時原作者表達的 will 對於說的那個人，已經發生在過去了。

We were informed that the trainee's orientation was conducted yesterday.

有人通知我們實習生的入職培訓於昨天進行。

主要子句為「過去式」時，從屬的名詞子句表示持續到現在的動作或狀態時候，也可以使用「現在完成式」。主要子句為「過去式」時，從屬的名詞子句表示未來會發生的事情，也可以使用「未來式」。

Mr. Smith mentioned that the research development team has developed methods to improve production efficiency.

Smith 先生提到，研發團隊已經開發出提高生產效率的方法。

My financial advisor told me that the stock prices will go up next year.

我的財務顧問告訴我，明年股價會上漲。

多益例題: The buyers were notified that the shipment from Korea _____ due to a problem with customs.

(A) being delayed 

(B) would be delayed 

(C) had been delayed  

(D) have delayed