多益閱讀 - 形容詞子句與關係代名詞

關係代名詞

單字形容詞像是 tall、new、great 等詞，可以用來描述或修飾後面的名詞，比方說：a tall girl、a new watch 和 a great job。然而，子句也可以充當形容詞，同樣是用來修飾名詞，這就是本堂課要介紹的「形容詞子句」。由於形容詞子句通常比較冗長，所以它們會放在「被修飾的名詞的後面」。下面舉例說明：

She needs a job. 

她需要一份工作。

A  job can afford her rent. 

一份工作能負擔房租。

我們可以利用形容詞子句，把這兩句話改寫成一句話：

She needs a job which can afford her rent.

她需要一份能幫她負擔房租的工作。

紅色粗體是形容詞子句，which 是形容詞子句連接詞

藍色粗體是先行詞

橘色粗體是形容詞子句的中文翻譯

在上面的句子中， which 就是「形容詞子句連接詞」，也就是所謂的「關係代名詞」(簡稱關代)，而在關係代名詞前面的名詞我們稱為「先行詞」，至於「關係代名詞」引導的子句就叫做「形容詞子句」或是「關係子句」，以我們舉的例子來說，形容詞子句就是 which can afford her rent，用來形容 job ，而關係代名詞 which 是用來指 job ，且在這個形容詞子句中當主詞。

要特別注意的是「關係代名詞」在形容詞子句裡可以是「主詞」或是「受詞」。我們來看一個「關係代名詞」在形容詞子句裡當「受詞」的例子 : 

That is the mountain. 

就是那座山。

We are going to climb that mountain. 

我們要爬那座山。

同樣的，我們可以利用形容詞子句，把這兩句話改寫成一句話： 

That is the mountain which we are going to climb.

那是我們要爬的山。

在這個例子中，which 是關係代名詞，指的是先行詞 mountain，which 在此形容詞子句中當受詞，表示這座山就是我們要爬的那一座。

接下來我們將帶大家更深入學習英文的五個關係代名詞 : who, whom, whose, which, that。

▶️ who 和 whom 是用來代替「人」的關係代名詞，用來指稱先前提過的「人」。

若要代替的「人」在關係子句裡是「主詞」，就用 who。例如：

People who abide by traffic rules don’t run the red light.

遵守交通規則的人不會闖紅燈。

I like to work with someone who is responsible and hard-working.

我喜歡和有責任心和勤奮的人一起工作。

若要代替的「人」在關係子句裡是「受詞」，就用 whom。例如：

I don’t know the actor whom Elaine is talking about.

我不認識伊萊恩說的那個演員。

Michael is the guy whom I often hang out with.

邁克爾是我經常一起出去玩的人。

He is the man whom I spoke to yesterday.

他就是昨天和我說話的人。

▶️ which 是用來代替「事物、動物和地點」的關係代名詞，用來指稱先前提過的「事物、動物和地點」。不論代替的「事物、動物和地點」在關係子句裡是「主詞」還是「受詞」，都用 which。

which 在關係子句裡當「主詞」的例句 :

I didn’t see the report which was handed out this morning.

我沒有看到今天早上分發的報告。

Did you sign the package which arrived this morning?

你簽收了今早收到的包裹了嗎？

Many cities which have hosted the Olympics in the past have ended up running up huge debts. 

許多過去舉辦過奧運的城市最終都背負了巨額債務。

which 在關係子句裡當「受詞」的例句 :

The latest Marvel movie which I have been waiting for will be in theaters next week.

我一直在等待的最新漫威電影將於下週上映。

Did you get the email which Owen sent to us yesterday?

你收到歐文昨天發給我們的電子郵件了嗎？

The restaurant which we often go to is across the street.

我們經常去的餐廳就在這條街的對面。

Did you watch the TV series which I recommended?

你看了我推薦的電視劇了嗎？

▶️ 關係代名詞 that 可以用來代替 which、who、whom。

He is the kind of person that doesn't like to follow traffic rules.

他是那種不喜歡遵守交通規則的人。

I don’t know the actor that Elaine is talking about. 

我不認識伊萊恩說的那個演員。

I didn’t see the report that was handed out this morning.

我沒有看到今天早上發的報告。

The restaurant that we often go to is across the street.

我們經常去的餐廳就在這條街的對面。

Did you watch the TV series that I recommended?

你看了我推薦的電視劇了嗎？

▶️ whose 用來取代 his、her、 its、their、my、our、their、these、those 等所有格。

I am going to have an interview with the company whose logo has a kangaroo.

我要去面試那家商標有一隻袋鼠的公司。

The man whose father is super rich was arrested for drunk driving last night.

這位父親是超級富豪的男子昨天晚上因酒駕被捕。

He is marrying a girl whose family doesn’t seem to like him.

他要娶一個她家人似乎不喜歡他的女孩。

I have a friend whose birthday is next Tuesday.

我有一個朋友，他的生日是下週二。

多益例題: The computer systems ______ are affordable for a Fortune 500 company will not be affordable for a small company.

(A) in which

(B) in that

(C) what

(D) that

多益例題: Many students from medical schools want to be a doctor ______ annual income is higher than that of a nurse.

(A) who

(B) which

(C) that

(D) whose

非限定關係代名詞

以下是兩種需要使用非限定關係代名詞的情況：

(1) 先行詞通常是一個「專有名詞」、「特定的對象」、「唯一的人事物」

London, which is the capital city of the United Kingdom, attracts tens of thousands of tourists each month.

倫敦是英國的首都，每月吸引數以萬計的遊客。

The supervisor implemented a dress code policy, which many workers find unnecessary.

主管實施了著裝規定政策，許多工作人員認為這沒有必要。

Daniel, who was late again today, sits next to me in the English class.

今天又遲到的丹尼爾，英語課坐在我旁邊。

My blue tennis shoes, which used to be my mom's, are under the bed now.

我的藍色網球鞋，曾經是我媽媽的，現在在床底下。

Cohen, whose short film won awards, was chosen to direct the movie . 

科恩，就是那個短片獲獎的人，被選中導演這部電影。 

Kate, whose sister I used to share a house with, has gone to work in Australia.

凱特，就是那個我曾經和她姐姐同住一起的人，已經去澳洲工作了。

(2) Which 來代替前面整個主要句子所敘述的事情時

在非限定關係子句中，句首 which 也可以指「前面句子所提及的所有資訊」，而不單指子句前面的那個字(先行詞)。我們來看幾個例句：

Alex did really well on his exams, which is quite a surprise.

亞歷克斯在考試中表現得非常好，這很令人驚訝。已經知道在說誰 

Cancer is a common disease in modern society,  which kills millions of people each year.

​癌症是現代社會常見的一種疾病，每年奪去數百萬人的生命。

Many drivers use their mobile phones while driving, which causes increasing numbers of road accidents.

許多駕駛在開車時使用手機，這導致越來越多的交通事故。

多益例題: Coach Oneal Tajayako, _______ cricket team has won six gold medals, declared his retirement this morning, _______ surprised all the team members and the other playing  teams.

(A) who; which 

(B) whose; which 

(C) whom; that  

(D) whom; x

關係副詞 when、where、why

有時候關係代名詞前面會出現介系詞， 比如說這個句子：

This afternoon, I will go to the coffee shop at which we used to hang out.

我下午會去我們之前常去的咖啡店。

那為什麼 which 前面怎麼會有一個 at 呢？因為要表達「在咖啡店『裡面』聚在一起」，因此原本的句子是：

This afternoon, I will go to the coffee shop which we used to hang out at. 

我下午會去我們之前常去的咖啡店。

這時候介系詞保留在動詞後面，但更好的寫法是把 at 搬到關係代名詞 which 的前面，變成：

This afternoon, I will go to the coffee shop at which we used to hang out. 

我下午會去我們之前常去的咖啡店。

我們可以進一步將上面句子改寫成:

I will go to the coffee shop where we used to hang out.

我下午會去我們之前常去的咖啡店。

我們可以發現 at which 被改成 where，where 在這邊是「關係副詞」，關係副詞其實就等於是「介系詞 + 關代」。

主要常見的關係副詞有以下這三種：

• 表地點 where  ＝地點介系詞 + which
• 表時間 when ＝時間介系詞 + which 
• 表原因 why = for which

▶️ where =地點介系詞 + which 表示「地點」

This gourmet restaurant is the place which I met your father at.

This gourmet restaurant is the place at which I met your father.

This gourmet restaurant is the place where I met your father.

這間高級餐廳是我遇到你爸的地方。

Can you name the basketball team which Michael Jordan won 6 NBA titles with?

Can you name the basketball team with which Michael Jordan won 6 NBA titles?

Can you name the basketball team where Michael Jordan won 6 NBA titles?

你能說出麥克喬丹贏得 6 個 NBA 總冠軍時所在的籃球隊的名字嗎？

The tree which they had their picnic under was the largest and oldest in the park.

The tree under which they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.

The tree where they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.

他們野餐的樹是公園裡最大、最古老的樹。

I’ve never felt close to the community which I grew up in.

I’ve never felt close to the community in which I grew up.

I’ve never felt close to the community where I grew up.

我從來沒有覺得與我長大的社區很親近。

▶️ when ＝時間介系詞 + which  表示 「時間」

I still remember the date which we met each other on.

I still remember the date on which we met each other.

I still remember the date when we met each other.

我仍記得我們彼此相遇的日期 。

During the training, runners set intervals during which they run fast for a brief period, and then recover. = During the training, runners set intervals when they run fast for a brief period, and then recover.

跑者在訓練時候會設定了一個間隔，在此期間他們會在短時間內快速跑然後恢復。

Researchers in Germany, have analyzed data to see if the month in which people are born affects how long people will live. = Researchers in Germany, have analyzed data to see if the month when people are born affects how long people will live.

德國的研究人員分析了數據，看看人們出生的月份是否會影響人們的壽命。

▶️ why = for which 表示「原因、理由」

We don't know the reason for which they have broken up with each other.

We don't know the reason why they have broken up with each other.

我們不知道他們分手的原因。

The reason for which Jason is not getting promoted to the supervisor is that he often slacks off at work. = The reason why Jason is not getting promoted to the supervisor is that he often slacks off at work.

傑森沒有升到主管的原因是他經常在工作中摸魚。

多益例題: For each seminar, students have to register and pay before the registration date ______ the seminar begins.

(A) which

(B) on when

(C) on which

(D) in which

多益例題: Ken Lin, the organizer still remembers the day his small corporation ______ more than three thousand employees much to his surprise.

(A) was hired  

(B) hired  

(C) hiring  

(D) were hired

關係代名詞省略規則

▶️ 關係代名詞是作為關係子句中的受詞，且前面沒有逗號或介系詞時，關係代名詞可以省略。

This is the form (which) you must fill out to become a member.

This is the form you must fill out to become a member.

這是您要成為會員必須填寫的資格。

The restaurant (which) we often go to is across the street.

The restaurant we often go to is across the street.

我們經常去的餐廳就在這條街的對面。

▶️ 關係代名詞作為關係子句中的主詞，後面的動詞如果是主動態，省略關係代名詞後，動詞要改成動名詞。

The successful candidate will be someone who has at least six years of managerial experience.

The successful candidate will be someone having at least six years of managerial experience. 

成功的候選人將是具有至少六年管理經驗的人。

Did you sign the package which arrived this morning?

Did you sign the package arriving this morning?

你簽收了今早收到的包裹了嗎？

Many cities which have hosted the Olympics in the past have ended up running up huge debts. 

Many cities having hosted the Olympics in the past have ended up running up huge debts. 

許多過去舉辦過奧運的城市最終都背負了巨額債務。

Passengers who stand in line need to have their travel documents ready.

Passengers standing in line need to have their travel documents ready.

隊伍中的乘客需要準備好旅行證件。

▶️ 關係代名詞作為關係子句中的主詞，後面的動詞如果是 be動詞，省略關係代名詞，也要省略 be動詞。

I need to speak with the person (who is) in charge of reservations.

I need to speak with the person in charge of reservations.

我需要和負責訂位的人談談。

The train (which is) now arriving at platform 2 is the 3:20 from Kaohsiung.

The train now arriving at platform 2 is the 3:20 from Kaohsiung. 

現在開抵第二月台的火車是 3 點 20 分從高雄發車的。

The boy (who was) driving the BMW was underage, unlicensed and over the limit.

The boy driving the BMW was underage, unlicensed and over the limit. 

那位開著 BMW 的男孩未成年、無照且超速。

▶️ 關係代名詞作為關係子句中的主詞，後面的動詞如果是被動態，省略關係代名詞，也要省略 be動詞。

The novel (that was) written by J.K. Rowling was the best-selling book last month.

The novel written by J.K. Rowling was the best-selling book last month.

J.K.羅琳寫的小說是上個月最暢銷的書。

Food (which is) sold in this supermarket is of the highest quality.

Food sold in this supermarket is of the highest quality. 

這家超市所販賣的食物都是品質最好的。

Many entry-level workers are dissatisfied with the wage (which is) offered at Samsung.

Many entry-level workers are dissatisfied with the wage offered at Samsung.

許多底層員工對三星給的工資不滿意。

多益例題: Job applicants ______ skills useful for the applied position will have a better chance of being hired.

(A) possessed

(B) possessing

(C) possess    

(D) possesses