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多益閱讀文法 - Participle Clauses

Participle clauses are frequently encountered in English articles and exams, be it a reading or grammar test. This lesson is designed to help you learn how to transform sentences into participle structures. Primarily, participle clauses can be utilized to simplify three types of sentences:  sentences with adverb clauses, sentences with coordinating conjunctions, and non-defining clauses introduced by “which". If you're unfamiliar with these sentence structures, it would be beneficial to first review Lessons 17, 18, and 21. 

目錄

Simplifying Sentences with Adverb Clauses Using Participle Clauses

Key Points

<1> We can simplify adverb clauses into participle clauses if the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same.


(2) If the verb in the adverb clause is in the passive voice, eliminate the 'be' verb.

▶️Example 1:

When I walked down the street yesterday night, I saw James.

👉 Both the subject of the adverb clause and the main clause are “I”. Hence, we can simplify this sentence using the participle clause.

Step 1: We first remove the subordinating conjunction “When” and the subject “I” in the adverb clause

When I walked down the street yesterday night, I saw James.

Step 2: Next, change the verb “walk” to “walking”, and you will get:

Walking down the street last night, I saw James.

▶️Example 2:

Since it is situated right downtown, the department store is always busy during the weekend.

👉 The subject “it” in the adverb clause refers to “the department store”. Hence, we can simplify this sentence using the participle clause.

Step 1: We first remove the subordinating conjunction “Since” and the subject “it” in the adverb clause

Since it is situated right downtown, the department store is always busy during the weekend.

Step 2: Since the word “is situated” is in the passive voice, we can remove the “is”, so the sentence will become:

is Situated right downtown, the department store is always busy during the weekend.

More examples of participle clauses:

Because I have spent all my savings on a new house, I couldn't afford to buy a new car. = Having spent all my savings on a new house, I couldn't afford to buy a new car.
After she had unpacked the suitcases, she took a shower. = Having unpacked the suitcases, she took a shower.

Sometimes, we keep the subordinating conjunctions. For example:

After we ate, we sat on the couch = After eating, we sat on the couch.
Since I came to Japan, I have met a lot of new people.= Since coming to Japan, I have met a lot of new people.

TOEIC Example: ______ the same situation before, the CEO is aware of how complicated it can be and immediately call for an urgent meeting.

(A) Dealt with
(B) Dealt in
(C) Having dealt with
(D) Being dealt with

The correct answer is (C) Having dealt with.

We can view this question sentence as “Because the CEO has dealt with the same situation before, the CEO is aware of how complicated it can be and immediately call for an urgent meeting”.

In this case, where the subject of the main clause ('the CEO') is the same as the subject of the subordinate clause (also 'the CEO'), we can simplify the sentence using the participle clause.

Step 1: We first remove the subordinating conjunction “because” and the subject “CEO” in the adverb clause

Because the CEO has dealt with the same situation before, the CEO is aware of how complicated it can be and immediately call for an urgent meeting.

Step 2: Next, change the verb “has dealt with” to the form of ing, and you will get:

Having dealt with the same situation before, the CEO is aware of how complicated it can be and immediately call for an urgent meeting.

Hence, the answer is (C) Having dealt with.

TOEIC Example: _____ less than 4 years ago, the Giant corporation has become one of the leading car manufacturers in Europe.

(A) Established
(B) Has been established
(C) Has established
(D) Establishing

The correct answer is (A) Established.

We can view this question sentence as "Since the Giant corporation was established less than 4 years ago, the Giant corporation has become one of the leading car manufacturers in Europe".

The subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are both the Giant corporation, so we can simplify the sentence using the participle clause.

Step 1: We first remove the conjunction “since” and the subject “the Giant corporation” in the adverb clause

Since the Giant corporation was established less than 4 years ago, the Giant corporation has become one of the leading car manufacturers in Europe.

Step 2: Since “established” is passive, remove the be verb “was” and you will get:

Was Established less than 4 years ago, the Giant corporation has become one of the leading car manufacturers in Europe.

Hence, the answer is (A) Established.

Simplifying Sentences with Coordinating Conjunctions Using Participle Clauses

Key Points

When the subjects of two dependent clauses are the same, we can simplify the sentence using participle clauses. The simplified steps are:


Step 1:
Omit one of the subjects and remove the coordinating conjunction.


Step 2:
The verb after the omitted subject should be changed to a participle
(1) If the verb is in the active voice, change the verb to a gerund (Ving). If the converted verb is “being”, it can be omitted as well.
(2) If the verb is in the passive voice, remove the be verb

Let's look at two examples.

▶️ Example 1

The manager came into the meeting room, and he eagerly found a place to sit.

👉 “he” refers to the manager, so the subject of the two dependent clauses is the same.

Step 1: Let’s omit the subject “he” in the second dependent clause and remove the coordinating conjunction “and”.

The manager came into the meeting room, and he eagerly found a place to sit.

Step 2: The verb after the omitted subject should be changed to a participle. If the verb is in the active voice, change the verb to a gerund (Ving).

The manager came into the meeting room, eagerly finding a place to sit.

▶️ Example 2

The manager was not satisfied with the proposal, so he asked Bob to rewrite the proposal.

👉 “he” refers to the manager, so the subject of the two dependent clauses is the same. Hence, we can simplify this sentence using the participle clause.

1. The first way to rewrite:

Step 1: Let’s omit the subject “he” in the second dependent clause and remove the coordinating conjunction “so ”.

The manager was not satisfied with the proposal, so he asked Bob to rewrite the proposal.

Step 2: The verb after the omitted subject should be changed to a participle. If the verb is in the passive voice, remove the be verb.

The manager was not satisfied with the proposal, asking Bob to rewrite the proposal.

Simplifying Sentences with Non-defining Clauses Using Participle Clauses

Key Points

We can simplify sentences with non-defining clauses introduced by “which" using participle clauses. The simplified steps are:


Step 1:
omit “which”


Step 2:
The verb after “which” needs to be changed into a participle
(1) If the verb is in the active voice, change the verb to a gerund (Ving). If the converted verb is “being”, it can be omitted as well.
(2) If the verb is in the passive voice, remove the be verb

Let's look at an example:

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in modern society, which kills millions of people each year.

Step 1: We first remove the relational pronoun “which”

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in modern society, which kills millions of people each year.

Step 2: Next, change the verb “kill” to “killing”, and the sentence becomes:

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in modern society, killing millions of people each year.

Here are more example sentences:

Wind power costs about the same as coal, which makes it an affordable source of alternative energy. = Wind power costs about the same as coal, making it an affordable source of alternative energy.
Many drivers use their mobile phones while driving, which causes increasing numbers of road accidents. = Many drivers use their mobile phones while driving, causing increasing numbers of road accidents.

TOEIC Example: Louisa Coffee has been seeking to expand overseas, ____ four stores in Thailand at the end of 2020, while it is surveying markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U. S., and China.

(A) open
(B) to open
(C) opening
(D) opens

The correct answer is (C) opening.

We can view this question sentence as “Louisa Coffee has been seeking to expand overseas, which opened four stores in Thailand at the end of 2020, while it is surveying markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U. S., and China.”

We can simplify sentences with non-defining clauses introduced by “which" using participle clauses. The simplified steps are:

Step 1: Remove the relational pronoun “which”

Louisa Coffee has been seeking to expand overseas, which opened four stores in Thailand at the end of 2020, while it is surveying markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U. S., and China.

Step 2: Next, change the verb “opened” to the form of ing, and you will get:

Louisa Coffee has been seeking to expand overseas, opening four stores in Thailand at the end of 2020, while it is surveying markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U. S., and China.

Hence, the correct answer is (C) opening.

Simplifying Sentences with Non-defining Clauses Using Participle Clauses

Key Points

We can simplify sentences with non-defining clauses introduced by “which" using participle clauses. The simplified steps are:


Step 1:
omit “which”


Step 2:
The verb after “which” needs to be changed into a participle
(1) If the verb is in the active voice, change the verb to a gerund (Ving). If the converted verb is “being”, it can be omitted as well.
(2) If the verb is in the passive voice, remove the be verb

Let's look at an example:

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in modern society, which kills millions of people each year.

Step 1: We first remove the relational pronoun “which”

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in modern society, which kills millions of people each year.

Step 2: Next, change the verb “kill” to “killing”, and the sentence becomes:

Cancer is one of the most common diseases in modern society, killing millions of people each year.

Here are more example sentences:

Wind power costs about the same as coal, which makes it an affordable source of alternative energy. = Wind power costs about the same as coal, making it an affordable source of alternative energy.
Many drivers use their mobile phones while driving, which causes increasing numbers of road accidents. = Many drivers use their mobile phones while driving, causing increasing numbers of road accidents.

TOEIC Example: Louisa Coffee has been seeking to expand overseas, ____ four stores in Thailand at the end of 2020, while it is surveying markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U.S., and China.

(A) open
(B) to open
(C) opening
(D) opens

The correct answer is (C) opening.

We can view this question sentence as “Louisa Coffee has been seeking to expand overseas, which opened four stores in Thailand at the end of 2020, while it is surveying markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U.S., and China.”

We can simplify sentences with non-defining clauses introduced by “which" using participle clauses. The simplified steps are:

Step 1: Remove the relational pronoun “which”

Louisa Coffee has been seeking to expand overseas, which opened four stores in Thailand at the end of 2020, while it is surveying markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U.S., and China.

Step 2: Next, change the verb “opened” to the form of ing, and you will get:

Louisa Coffee has been seeking to expand overseas, opening four stores in Thailand at the end of 2020, while it is surveying markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the U.S., and China.

Hence, the correct answer is (C) opening.

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